NOD mice

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Non-obese diabetic or NOD

dipsticks. NOD mice will develop spontaneous diabetes when left in a sterile environment.[3] The incidence of spontaneous diabetes in the NOD mouse is 60–80% in females and 20–30% in males. Onset of diabetes also varies between males and females: commonly, onset is delayed in males by several weeks. The mice (as well as C57BL/6 and SJL) are known to carry IgG2c allele.[4][5]

History

Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice exhibit a susceptibility to spontaneous development of autoimmune

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).[6] The NOD strain and related strains were developed at Shionogi Research Laboratories in Aburahi, Japan by Makino and colleagues and first reported in 1980.[7] The group developed the NOD strain by an outbreeding of the cataract-prone strain from JcI:ICR mice.[8]

Susceptibility

The susceptibility to IDDM is

polygenic and environment exerts a strong effect on gene penetrances. Environment including housing conditions, health status, and diet all affect development of diabetes in the mice. For instance, NOD mice maintained in different laboratories can have different levels of incidence. The incidence of disease is linked to the microbiome.[9]

NOD mice are also susceptible to developing other

autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy etc. Diabetes in these mice can be prevented by a single injection of mycobacterial adjuvants such as complete Freund's adjuvant (FCA) or Bacille de Calmette et Guérin (BCG) vaccine.[10][11]

Identifying IDDM susceptibility loci

Genetic Loci associated with susceptibility to IDDM have been identified in the NOD mouse strain through the development of congenic mouse strains, which have identified several insulin dependent diabetes (Idd) loci. The most important is idd1 which is the major histocompatibility complex class II loci I-Ag7.[12]

NOD mice have polymorphisms in the Idd3 locus which are linked to IL-2 production. IL-2 promotes either immunity or tolerance in a concentration dependent fashion by acting on T helper cells, CTL and NK cells. Low amounts of IL-2 may be needed to promote survival of Treg in mice. Loss of IL-2 can thereby contribute to the development of autoimmunity in NOD mice.[13]

NOD mice have a mutation in exon 2 of the

CTLA-4 gene, which causes it to be spliced incorrectly. CTLA-4 plays a major role in suppressing the T-cell immune response. Without the proper functioning of CTLA-4, T-cells attack the insulin producing cells. This results in Type 1 Diabetes.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse BAC Library". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
  2. PMID 9430219
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  8. ^ Leiter, Edward H (1994). "The NOD Mouse: A Model for Analyzing the Interplay Between Heredity and the Environment in the Development of Autoimmune Disease". ILAR Journal. 35 (1): 4–14. .
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