CTAG1B
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Ensembl
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| Location (UCSC) | Chr X: 154.62 – 154.62 Mb | n/a | |||||||
| PubMed search | [2] | n/a | |||||||
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Cancer/testis antigen 1 also known as LAGE2 or LAGE2B is a
Cancer/Testis Antigen 1B is a protein belonging to the family of Cancer Testis Antigens (CTA) that are expressed in a variety of malignant tumours at the mRNA and protein levels, but also restricted to testicular germ cells in normal adult tissues. A clone of CTAG gene was originally identified by immunological methods in oesophageal carcinoma using patient serum.[6] The aberrant re-expression of CTAs is induced by molecular mechanisms including DNA demethylation, histone post-translational modification, and microRNA-mediated regulation. The effect of DNA demethylation is evident by the capability of demethylating agents, such as 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, to induce CTAs re-expression in tumour cells but not in normal epithelial cells.
Gene
CTAG1B is located on the long arm of chromosome X (Xq28),[6] containing three exons that are approximately 8 Kb in length. CTAG1B is found to have a neighbouring gene of identical sequence: CTAG1A.
Protein
The gene encodes a 180-amino acid polypeptide, expressed from 18 weeks during embryonic development until birth in human fetal testis. It is also strongly expressed in spermatogonia and in primary spermatocytes of adult testis, but not in post-meiotic cells or testicular somatic cells.[7] Structurally, CTAG1B features a glycine-rich N-terminal region, as well as a hydrophobic C-terminal region with a Pcc-1 domain. The protein has been shown to be homologous to two other CTAs located in the same region: LAGE-1 and ESO3.[8] The exact function of CTAG1B remains to be unknown. Studies have suggested its role in cell cycle progression and growth, although not being elusive, through the analysis of CTAG1B's structure and expression pattern. The coexpression of CTAG1B with melanoma antigen gene C1 (MAGE-C1), another CTA, further supports its involvement in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, due to the role of MAGE proteins in these processes. Moreover, its restricted expression pattern in male germ cells suggests its role in germ cell self-renewal or differentiation, supported by the nuclear localization of CTAG1B in mesenchymal stem cells in contrast to its cytoplasmic expression in cancer cells.[9]
Humoral Immune Response
It is also believed that cancer-testis antigens are immunogenic proteins, since many members of the family have been shown to induce spontaneous cellular and humoral immune responses in patients with advanced stage tumours. The first reported simultaneous humoral and cellular response against CTAG1B was from a metastatic melanoma patient. 3 HLA-A2 restricted epitopes in CTAG1B were identified as the recognition sites for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.[10] Integrated humoral immune responses against CTAG1B have been detected in patients with: Multiple myeloma,[11] breast cancer,[12] non small-cell lung carcinoma,[13] and ovarian cancer.[14] As such, CTAG1B is believed to be a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy due to its exclusive expression in normal tissues and re expression in tumour cells, as well as its high immunogenicity. These features also suggest a limited off-target toxicity of CTAG1B-based cancer therapies. The immunisation with CTAG1B could be a successful approach to induce antigen specific immune responses in cancer patients. Up until May 2018, there have been 12 clinical trials registered using a CTAG1B cancer vaccine, 23 using modified T cells, and 13 using combinatorial immunotherapy.[8]
Examining the expression of a number of CTA genes in 23 samples of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma has revealed that CTAG1B expression significantly correlates with tumour recurrence. A humoral response against this CTA was detected in 54.5% of CTAG1B-expressing patients, and in 1 of 6 patients with an CTAG1B-negative tumour. Anti-CTAG1B antibodies were present in 35.7%, demonstrating that medullary thyroid carcinoma is associated with humoral immune response to CTAG1B.[15] Another study has shown that CTAG1B binding to CALR on macrophages and dendritic cells provides a link between CTAG1B, the innate immune system, and possibly the adaptive immune response against CTAG1B.[16]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184033 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 9605863.
- PMID 11709543.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: CTAG1B cancer/testis antigen 1B".
- ^ PMID 9050879.
- PMID 12065688.
- ^ PMID 29770138.
- PMID 17137291.
- PMID 9432985.
- PMID 22816680.
- PMID 22761704.
- PMID 19193472.
- PMID 20385810.
- PMID 12574209.
- PMID 16951317.
Further reading
- Scanlan MJ, Gure AO, Jungbluth AA, Old LJ, Chen YT (October 2002). "Cancer/testis antigens: an expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy". Immunological Reviews. 188: 22–32. S2CID 24718232.
- Chen YT, Scanlan MJ, Sahin U, Türeci O, Gure AO, Tsang S, Williamson B, Stockert E, Pfreundschuh M, Old LJ (March 1997). "A testicular antigen aberrantly expressed in human cancers detected by autologous antibody screening". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (5): 1914–8. PMID 9050879.
- Lethé B, Lucas S, Michaux L, De Smet C, Godelaine D, Serrano A, De Plaen E, Boon T (June 1998). "LAGE-1, a new gene with tumor specificity". International Journal of Cancer. 76 (6): 903–8. PMID 9626360.
- Wang RF, Johnston SL, Zeng G, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DJ, Rosenberg SA (October 1998). "A breast and melanoma-shared tumor antigen: T cell responses to antigenic peptides translated from different open reading frames". Journal of Immunology. 161 (7): 3598–606. S2CID 21146485.
- De Smet C, Lurquin C, Lethé B, Martelange V, Boon T (November 1999). "DNA methylation is the primary silencing mechanism for a set of germ line- and tumor-specific genes with a CpG-rich promoter". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (11): 7327–35. PMID 10523621.
- Schultz-Thater E, Noppen C, Gudat F, Dürmüller U, Zajac P, Kocher T, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC (July 2000). "NY-ESO-1 tumour associated antigen is a cytoplasmic protein detectable by specific monoclonal antibodies in cell lines and clinical specimens". British Journal of Cancer. 83 (2): 204–8. PMID 10901371.
- Rimoldi D, Rubio-Godoy V, Dutoit V, Lienard D, Salvi S, Guillaume P, Speiser D, Stockert E, Spagnoli G, Servis C, Cerottini JC, Lejeune F, Romero P, Valmori D (December 2000). "Efficient simultaneous presentation of NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 primary and nonprimary open reading frame-derived CTL epitopes in melanoma". Journal of Immunology. 165 (12): 7253–61. PMID 11120859.
- Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (September 2000). "Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing". EMBO Reports. 1 (3): 287–92. PMID 11256614.
- Jungbluth AA, Chen YT, Stockert E, Busam KJ, Kolb D, Iversen K, Coplan K, Williamson B, Altorki N, Old LJ (June 2001). "Immunohistochemical analysis of NY-ESO-1 antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues". International Journal of Cancer. 92 (6): 856–60. PMID 11351307.
- Goydos JS, Patel M, Shih W (June 2001). "NY-ESO-1 and CTp11 expression may correlate with stage of progression in melanoma". The Journal of Surgical Research. 98 (2): 76–80. PMID 11397121.
- Zarour HM, Maillere B, Brusic V, Coval K, Williams E, Pouvelle-Moratille S, Castelli F, Land S, Bennouna J, Logan T, Kirkwood JM (January 2002). "NY-ESO-1 119-143 is a promiscuous major histocompatibility complex class II T-helper epitope recognized by Th1- and Th2-type tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells". Cancer Research. 62 (1): 213–8. PMID 11782380.
- Satie AP, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Spagnoli GC, Henno S, Olivo L, Jacobsen GK, Rioux-Leclercq N, Jégou B, Samson M (June 2002). "The cancer-testis gene, NY-ESO-1, is expressed in normal fetal and adult testes and in spermatocytic seminomas and testicular carcinoma in situ". Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 82 (6): 775–80. PMID 12065688.
- Nagata Y, Ono S, Matsuo M, Gnjatic S, Valmori D, Ritter G, Garrett W, Old LJ, Mellman I (August 2002). "Differential presentation of a soluble exogenous tumor antigen, NY-ESO-1, by distinct human dendritic cell populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (16): 10629–34. PMID 12138174.
- Resnick MB, Sabo E, Kondratev S, Kerner H, Spagnoli GC, Yakirevich E (September 2002). "Cancer-testis antigen expression in uterine malignancies with an emphasis on carcinosarcomas and papillary serous carcinomas". International Journal of Cancer. 101 (2): 190–5. PMID 12209997.
- Peng LP, Liu HY, Ran YL, Sun LX, Yu L, Yang ZH (May 2002). "[Expression of NY-ESO-1 gene in human esophageal carcinoma and its cloning]". AI Zheng = Aizheng = Chinese Journal of Cancer. 21 (5): 469–72. PMID 12452034.
- Gnjatic S, Atanackovic D, Jäger E, Matsuo M, Selvakumar A, Altorki NK, Maki RG, Dupont B, Ritter G, Chen YT, Knuth A, Old LJ (July 2003). "Survey of naturally occurring CD4+ T cell responses against NY-ESO-1 in cancer patients: correlation with antibody responses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (15): 8862–7. PMID 12853579.
External links
- Human CTAG1B genome location and CTAG1B gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.