Nagasaki
Nagasaki
長崎市 | |
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Ōura Cathedral, Nakashima River, Glover Garden, Nagasaki Kunchi, Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown, Nagasaki Peace Park | |
Chinese tallow tree | |
– Flower | Hydrangea |
Phone number | 095-825-5151 |
Address | 2–22 Sakura-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki-ken 850-8685 |
Website | www |
Nagasaki | |||||
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Japanese name | |||||
Kanji | 長崎 | ||||
Hiragana | ながさき | ||||
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Nagasaki (Japanese: 長崎, Hepburn: Nagasaki) (IPA: [naɡaꜜsaki]; lit. "Long Cape"), officially known as Nagasaki City (長崎市, Nagasaki-shi), is the capital and the largest city of the Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.
Founded by the Portuguese,
As of February 1, 2024[update], Nagasaki has an estimated population of 392,281[1] and a population density of 966 people per km2. The total area is 405.86 km2 (156.70 sq mi).[4]
History
Nagasaki as a Jesuit port of call
The first contact with
Soon after,
Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved, the lack of a proper seaport in
In the meantime,
The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city,
Due to the instability during the
In 1596, the Spanish ship
In 1602,
Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the
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Macaoand Nagasaki
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Nanban trade by Kanō Naizen, circa 1600. The screen shows foreigners arriving at a shore of Japan.
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The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound (Tōjin yashiki), circa 1688
Seclusion era
The
In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called rangaku, or "Dutch learning". During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto, the Nagasaki bugyō, as its chief administrator. During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.[15]
Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the
In 1808, during the
The Tōjinyashiki (唐人屋敷) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined the roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai. It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese.[17] The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound (Tōjin yashiki) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by the Nagasaki bugyō.
Meiji Japan
With the
During the
-
Plan of Nagasaki, Hizen province, 1778
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View of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay by Kawahara Keigo c. 1836
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View of Nagasaki Bay, c. 1865
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View of Nagasaki in 1870s
Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II
In the 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136 U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of
On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied
Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and more than 10% of the city's population were killed.[27] Among the 35,000 deaths were 150 Japanese soldiers, 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans). The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68–80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in combat, and also the second detonation of a plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the "Little Boy" bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico, United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage.[28][29][30]
Contemporary era
The city was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus of redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949.
On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima, Kōyagi, Nomozaki, Sanwa, Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi District) were officially merged into Nagasaki along with the town of Kinkai the following year.
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Modern Nagasaki,Oura Cathedralon a slope, 2005
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Night view of Nagasaki seen from Mount Konpira, 2012
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View of Nagasaki seen from Glover Garden, 2014
Geography
Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and Saikai, and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District.
Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay that forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on a small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles (10 km2).
Climate
Nagasaki has the typical
Climate data for Nagasaki (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1878−present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
36.4 (97.5) |
37.7 (99.9) |
37.7 (99.9) |
36.1 (97.0) |
33.7 (92.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
37.7 (99.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 63.1 (2.48) |
84.0 (3.31) |
123.2 (4.85) |
153.0 (6.02) |
160.7 (6.33) |
335.9 (13.22) |
292.7 (11.52) |
217.9 (8.58) |
186.6 (7.35) |
102.1 (4.02) |
100.7 (3.96) |
74.8 (2.94) |
1,894.7 (74.59) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 3 (1.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (1.6) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) | 10.4 | 10.2 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 14.3 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 6.7 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 125.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
66 | 65 | 65 | 67 | 72 | 80 | 80 | 76 | 73 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 71 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 103.7 | 122.3 | 159.5 | 178.1 | 189.6 | 125.0 | 175.3 | 207.0 | 172.2 | 178.9 | 137.2 | 114.3 | 1,863.1 |
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[34] |
Education
Universities
- Kwassui Women's University
- Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science
- Nagasaki Junshin Catholic University
- Nagasaki University
- Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies[35]
- Nagasaki Wesleyan University
Junior colleges
- Nagasaki Junior College
- Nagasaki Junshin Junior College
- Nagasaki Gyokusei Junior College, formerly Tamaki Women's Junior College (玉木女子短期大学) (closed 2012)
- Nagasaki Women's Junior College
Economy
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2023) |
- Shipbuilding
- Mitsubishi
- Machinery and heavy industry
Transportation
The nearest airport is
Demographics
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017) |
On August 9, 1945, the population was estimated to be 263,000. As of March 1, 2017, the city had population of 505,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km2.
Sports
Nagasaki is represented in the
Main sites
- Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan
- Confucius Shrine, Nagasaki
- Dejima Museum of History
- Former residence of Shuhan Takashima
- Former site of Latin Seminario
- Former site of the British Consulate in Nagasaki
- Former site of Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking CorporationNagasaki Branch
- Glover Garden
- Former Glover Residence
- Former Alt Residence
- Former Ringer Residence
- Former Walker Residence
- Fukusai-ji
- Gunkanjima
- Higashi-Yamate Juniban Mansion
- Kazagashira Park
- Kofukuji
- Megane Bridge
- Mount Inasa
- Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum[36] (located next to the Peace Park)
- Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture[37]
- Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
- Nagasaki Peace Park
- Atomic Bomb Hypocenter (located near the Peace Park)
- Nagasaki Peace Pagoda
- Nagasaki Penguin Aquarium[38]
- Nagasaki Chinatown
- Nagasaki Science Museum[38]
- Nagasaki Subtropical Botanical Garden
- Nyoko-do Hermitage
- Oranda-zaka
- Sannō Shrine – One-legged stone torii, sometimes called an arch or gateway.
- Sakamoto International Cemetery
- Shōfuku-ji
- Siebold Memorial Museum
- Sōfuku-ji – Daiyūhōden and Daiippomon are national treasures of Japan.
- Suwa Shrine
- Syusaku Endo Literature Museum
- Tateyama Park
- Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum and Monument
- Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum
- Urakami Cathedral
- Miyo-Ken, a temple where the white snake is worshipped[39]
Cityscape
Events
The
Kunchi, the most famous festival in Nagasaki, is held from October 7–9.
The Nagasaki Lantern Festival,[40] celebrating the Chinese New Year, is celebrated from February 18 to March 4.
Cuisine
- Tempura
- Castella
- Champon
- Sara udon
- Mogi Biwa
- Chinese confections
- Urakami Soboro
- Shippoku Cuisine
- Toruko rice (Turkish rice)
- Karasumi
- Nagasaki Kakuni
Notable people
- Mr. Gannosuke
- Kazuo Ishiguro
- Mitsurou Kubo
- Ariana Miyamoto
- Takashi Nagai
- Atsushi Onita
- Neru Nagahama
- Maya Yoshida
- Tsutomu Yamaguchi
- Noboru Kaneko
- Kaori Sakagami
- Keita Ogawa]
Twin towns
The city of Nagasaki maintains
- Hiroshima, Japan
- St. Louis, United States (1972)
- Saint Paul, United States (1955)[41]
- Dupnitsa, Bulgaria
- Santos, Brazil (1972)[41]
- Fuzhou, China, (1980)[41]
- Middelburg, Netherlands (1978)[41]
- Porto, Portugal (1978)[41][42]
- Vaux-sur-Aure, France (2005)[41]
See also
- Cultural treatments of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- Foreign cemeteries in Japan
- Hashima Island (Gunkanjima)
- Junior College of Commerce Nagasaki University (1951-2000)
References
- ^ a b "今月のうごき(推計人口など最新の主要統計)". Nagasaki city office. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ISSN 0027-0741.
- ISBN 978-0195095142.
- ^ "令和2年全国都道府県市区町村別面積調 - 長崎県" (PDF). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. January 1, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Diego Pacheco. "Xavier and Tanegashima." Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter, 1974), pp. 477–480
- ^ Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650, p. 100–101
- ^ "Arrival of a Portuguese ship". Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ^ C. R. Boxer, The Great Ship from Amacon – Annals of Macau and the old Japan trade 1555–1640 Archived April 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine p. 169.
- ^ Diego Paccheco, Monumenta Nipponica, 1970
- ^ so says the Jesuit account
- ^ MARTYRS OF JAPAN († 1597-1637) (poz. 10). Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Martyrs List". Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
- ^ "Martyrs of Japan (1603–39)". Hagiography Circle. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021.
- ^ "Cultural Properties", Official site, Nagasaki: Thomeizan Kofukuji, archived from the original on February 28, 2021, retrieved December 23, 2016
- ^ Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 159. Archived April 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan, Richard Bowring and Haruko Laurie
- ^ Screech, Timon. The Western Scientific Gaze and Popular Imagery in Later Edo Japan: The Lens Within the Heart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. p15.
- ISBN 9780774820240. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
In 1904, Catholics in Nagasaki, with their deep ties to the past, were three times more numerous than Catholics in the rest of Japan...
- ^ a b "Chapter II The Effects of the Atomic Bombings". United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- ^ How Effective is Strategic Bombing?: Lessons Learned From World War II to Kosovo (World of War). NYU Press. December 1, 2000. pp. 86–87.
- ^ "Avalon Project – The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-5631-1483-0.
- ^ "Nagasaki atomic bombing, 1945". www.johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
- ^ "Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing". Mainichi Weekly. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ISBN 978-3-6424-0296-8.
- ^ "BBC - WW2 People's War – Timeline". Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4634-2604-0.
- ^ Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons (The Contemporary anthology series). The Spirit That Moves Us Press. May 1, 1984. pp. 22–29.
- ^ Groves 1962, pp. 343–346.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 396–397
- ^ "AtomicBombMuseum.org – After the Bomb". Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
- ^ "Nagasaki History Facts and Timeline". Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
- ^ "あすにかけ全国的に厳しい冷え込み続く" [Severe cold weather continues across the country into tomorrow]. nhk.or.jp. January 25, 2016. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016.
- ^ 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ 長崎外国語大学 [Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies]. Nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ^ お知らせ 長崎市平和・原爆のホームページが変わりました。. .city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ 長崎歴史文化博物館. Nmhc.jp. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ a b 移転のお知らせ. .city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ISBN 9780766192614. Archivedfrom the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ^ 長崎ランタンフェスティバル. Nagasaki-lantern.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Sister Cities of Nagasaki City". Nagasaki City Hall International Affairs Section. Archived from the original on July 29, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ "International Relations of the City of Porto" (PDF). Municipal Directorate of the Presidency Services International Relations Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
Bibliography
External links
- Official website (in Japanese)
- Official website (in English)
- Is Nagasaki still radioactive? – No. Includes explanation.
- Nagasaki after atomic bombing – interactive aerial map
- Nuclear Files.org Comprehensive information on the history, and political and social implications of the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- Nagasaki Prefectural Tourism Federation
- Nagasaki Product Promotion Association
- Useful information for foreign residents, produced by Nagasaki International Association
- Geographic data related to Nagasaki at OpenStreetMap