Chinese cobra

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Naja atra
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Chinese cobra
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Naja
Species:
N. atra
Binomial name
Naja atra
Cantor, 1842[3][4]
Naja atra distribution
Synonyms[4]
  • Naja atra
    Cantor 1842
  • Naja tripudians var. scopinucha
    Cope, 1859
  • Naja tripudians var. unicolor
    Von Martens, 1876
  • Naia tripudians var. fasciata
    Boulenger, 1896
  • Naja naja atra
    Stejneger, 1907
  • Naja kaouthia atra
    Deraniyagala, 1960
  • Naja naja atra
    Golay, 1985
  • Naja sputatrix atra
    Lingenhole & Trutnau, 1989
  • Naja atra
    Ziegler, 2002
  • Naja (Naja) atra
    Wallach, 2009

The Chinese cobra (Naja atra), also called the Taiwan cobra, is a species of

venomous snakes in China, which has caused many snakebite
incidents to humans.

Etymology and names

Naja atra was first described by

Theodore Edward Cantor in 1842.[8][9] The generic name naja is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word nāgá (नाग) meaning "cobra".[10] The specific epithet atra comes from the Latin term ater, which means "dark", "black", or "gloomy".[10]

In

rice paddle ?"), ba̍k-kiàⁿ-chôa (目鏡蛇, lit. "spectacled snake", i.e. cobra
), or tn̂g-ām-chôa (長頷蛇, lit. "long-chinned snake").

Description

A Chinese cobra with its clearly visible hood mark

This medium-sized snake is usually 1.2 to 1.5 metres (3.9 to 4.9 ft) long, but they can grow to a maximum length of 2 metres (6.6 ft) though this is rare.[5]

The hood mark shape is variable from spectacle, mask to horseshoe or O- shape and is often linked to light throat area on at least one side. The throat area is clearly defined light which is usually with a pair of clearly defined lateral spots.[6]

The Chinese cobra is iridescent black with a number of distant transversal double lines of a yellow colour. The abdominal surface is pearl or slaty coloured.[8] The dorsal color of the Chinese cobra is usually brown, grey or black,[6] with or without narrow, light transverse lines at irregular intervals which are especially prominent in juveniles.[5][7][10]

Like other elapids, this is a

proteroglyphous
snake with fangs that are permanently erect and are located at the anterior of the upper jaw.

Scalation

There are 23–29 scale rows around hood (usually 25–27); 19–21 just ahead mid-body (usually 21); ventral scales 161–180 (usually 171 in males, 173 in females); subcaudal scales 37–51 pairs (usually 48 in males, 46 in females).[5][6][7] Anal scale is entire.

Identification

The Chinese cobra is sometimes confused with the Monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia). But it can be easily distinguished by virtue of having lower ventral and subcaudal scale counts, particularly when sex is taken into account.[6]

Distribution and habitat

This species is found in southeastern China (including the provinces of Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Hong Kong and the Island province of Hainan and Taiwan), northern Laos, northern Vietnam, where it is much more common in the south.[5][6][7][11]

Its typical habitat is

mangroves, although it is an adaptable species that is able to persist in a variety of habitats.[12][11][7]

Behavior

The front view of a Chinese cobra in its defensive posture.

Adults can be very aggressive, but the younger tend to be more aggressive as they are more nervous to the things surrounding them.

crepuscular.[11]

Reproduction

A juvenile Chinese cobra.

Like other species of cobra, it is an

Gravid females will lay between 6 and 23 eggs sometime between May through to the end of July.[11]

Venom

The Chinese cobra is a highly venomous member of the true cobras (genus Naja).[14]

The

SC.[15] The average venom yield from a snake of this species kept at a snake farm was about 250.8 mg (80 mg dry weight).[5][15] According to Minton (1974), this cobra has a venom yield range of 150 to 200 mg (dry weight).[12] Brown listed a venom yield of 184 mg (dry weight).[16]

In Taiwan there were 593 recorded cases of envenomation by the Chinese cobra from 1904 to 1938; of those, 87 cases were fatal, which is a 15% mortality rate. This is higher than mortality rates for Naja naja (the Indian cobra).[16]

Local symptoms in victims caused by a Chinese cobra bite are wound darkening, localized redness and

swelling, pain, insensibility, and invariably blisters and necrosis. Necrosis is a serious problem in cases of cobra bite as it may persist for many years after the general recovery of the victim. The following systemic symptoms may also occur: chest discomfort, fever, sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, loss of voice, weak feeling in limbs, walking haltingly, general ache, lockjaw, and difficulty in breathing. Fatality occasionally occurs.[5]
The antivenom is widely available and deaths are much rarer than they used to be.

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T192109A2040894.en
    . Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ "Naja atra". ITIS Standard Report Page. ITIS.gov. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Naja atra". Taxonomy of Elapids. Reptile-Database. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  5. ^
    ISBN 9971-62-217-3. Archived from the original
    on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Asiatic Naja". Archived from the original on 28 May 2010.
  7. ^
    ISBN 988-211-326-5
    .
  8. ^ a b Cantor, T. E. (1842). "General Features of Chusan, with remarks on the Flora and Fauna of that Island". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. IX: 482–492. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ISBN 978-3-642-29026-8
    .
  10. ^ a b c d "Chinese cobra (Naja atra)". Snakes of Taiwan. snakesoftaiwan.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  11. ^
    ISBN 0-916984-28-1
    .
  12. ^ a b c "Naja atra – General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms". WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  13. ISBN 0-691-12436-1
    .
  14. PMID 7263715
    . Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  15. ^
    ISBN 0-89673-110-3
    .
  16. ^
    LCCN 73-229
    .

External links

Scholia has a profile for Chinese cobra (Q2351506).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cobra&oldid=1213082648"