Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

Coordinates: 39°20′N 45°30′E / 39.333°N 45.500°E / 39.333; 45.500
Page extended-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası (Azerbaijani)
Autonomous republic of Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan ASSR
February 9, 1924
Nakhchivan
Autonomous Republic		November 17, 1990
Capital
and largest city
Nakhchivan
Official languagesAzerbaijani
Demonym(s)Nakhchivani
GovernmentAutonomous parliamentary republic
• President's plenipotentiary representative
Fuad Najafli
• Acting chairman of the Supreme Assembly
Azer Zeynalov
Sabuhi Mammadov
Legislature
UTC+4 (AZT)
Calling code+994 36
ISO 3166 codeAZ

The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, pronounced [nɑxtʃɯˈvɑn muxˈtɑɾ ɾesˈpublikɑsɯ])[2] is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The region covers 5,502.75 km2 (2,124.62 sq mi)[3] with a population of 459,600.[4] It is bordered by Armenia[a] to the east and north, Iran[b] to the southwest, and Turkey[c] to the west. It is the sole autonomous republic of Azerbaijan, governed by its own elected legislature.

The republic, especially the capital city of Nakhchivan, has a long history dating back to about 1500 BC. Nakhijevan was one the cantons of the historical Armenian province of Vaspurakan in the Kingdom of Armenia. Historically, the Persians, Armenians, Mongols, and Turks all competed for the region.[2] The area that is now Nakhchivan became part of Safavid Iran in the 16th century. The semi-autonomous Nakhchivan Khanate was established there in the mid-18th century. In 1828, after the last Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Nakhchivan Khanate passed from Iranian into Imperial Russian possession.

After the 1917 February Revolution, Nakhchivan and its surrounding region were under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Syunik, and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at the close of the First World War. The British placed Nakhchivan under Armenian administration in April 1919, although an Azerbaijani revolt prevented Armenia from establishing full control over the territory.

In July 1920, the

Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which went on to become an autonomous republic within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
in 1924. In January 1990, Nakhchivan declared independence from the USSR to protest against the suppression of the national movement in Azerbaijan and became the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic within the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan a year later.

Though a mixed Armenian–Azerbaijani region as late as a century ago,[8][9][10][11] Nakhchivan is homogeneously Azerbaijani today besides a small population of Russians.[2]

Etymology

Variations of the name Nakhchivan include Nakhichevan,[12] Naxcivan,[13] Naxçivan,[14] Nachidsheuan,[citation needed] Nakhijevan,[15] Nuhișvân,[16][self-published source] Nakhchawan,[17] Nakhitchevan,[18] Nakhjavan,[19] and Nakhdjevan.[20] Nakhchivan is mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography and by other classical writers as "Naxuana".[21][22]

The older form of the name is Naxčawan (Armenian: Նախճաւան).[23] According to philologist Heinrich Hübschmann, the name was originally borne by the namesake city (modern Nakhchivan) and later given to the region.[23] Hübschmann believed the name to be composed of Naxič or Naxuč (probably a personal name) and awan, an Armenian word (ultimately of Iranian origin) meaning "place, town".[23]

In the Armenian tradition, the name of the region and its namesake city is connected with the Biblical narrative of Noah's Ark and interpreted as meaning "place of the first descent" or "first resting place" (as if deriving from նախ, nax, 'first' and իջեւան, ijewan, 'abode, resting place') due to it being regarded as the site where Noah descended and settled after the landing of the Ark on nearby Mount Ararat.[24][25] It was probably under the influence of this tradition that the name changed in Armenian from the older Naxčawan to Naxijewan.[25] Although this is a folk etymology, William Whiston believed Nakhchivan/Nakhijevan to be the Apobatērion ("place of descent") mentioned by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in connection with Noah's Ark, which would make the tradition connecting the name with the Biblical figure Noah very old, predating Armenia's conversion to Christianity in the early fourth century.[25][26][27]

History

Early history

A modern mausoleum marks the place in Nakhchivan City, which is traditionally believed to be the site of Noah's grave

The oldest material culture artifacts found in the region date back to the

Ovchular Tepesi.[30] Some of the oldest salt mines in the world have also been discovered.[31]

The region was part of the states of

better source needed
]

The Nakhichevan region (light purple) at the time of Armenia's Kingdom of Vaspurakan (908–1021).

In 189 BC, Nakhchivan became part of the new

Arshakuni monarchy was abolished and Nakhchivan was annexed by Sassanid Persia. In 623, possession of the region passed to the Byzantine Empire[32] but was soon left to its own rule. Sebeos referred to the area as Tachkastan. According to the 5th-century Armenian author Koriun, Nakhchivan was the place where the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots finished the creation of the Armenian alphabet and opened the first Armenian schools. This occurred in the province of Goghtan, which corresponds to Nakhchivan's modern Ordubad district.[38][39]

From 640 on, the Arabs invaded Nakhchivan and undertook many campaigns in the area, crushing all resistance and attacking Armenian nobles who remained in contact with the Byzantines or who refused to pay tribute. In 705, after suppressing an Armenian revolt, Arab viceroy Muhammad ibn Marwan decided to eliminate the Armenian nobility.[40] In Nakhchivan, several hundred Armenian nobles were locked up in churches and burnt, while others were crucified.[18][40]

Caucasus region, beginning of the 13th century

The violence caused many Armenian princes to flee to the neighboring

Shaddadid
between 971 and 1045.

About 1055, the

Ak Koyunlu.[32]

Iranian rule

Suleiman I
(r. 1666–1694), struck at the Nakhchivan mint, dated 1684/5

In the

Ararat plain
to Nakhchivan:

On the twenty-seventh day they reached the plain of Nakhichevan. Out of fear of the victorious army, the people deserted the cities, villages, houses, and places of dwelling, which were so desolate that they were occupied by owls and crows and struck the onlooker with terror. Moreover, they [the Ottomans] ruined and laid waste all of the villages, towns, fields, and buildings along the road over a distance of four or five days' march so that there was no sign of any buildings or life.[34]

In 1604,

Aras River.[50][51][52]

Armenian cemetery in Julfa, 1830, by Francis Rawdon Chesney

Many of the Armenian deportees were settled in the neighborhood of

Nakhchivan Khanate emerged in the region after the death of Nader Shah Afshar.[32]

Passing to Imperial Russian rule

After the last

Persia, stated that by the time Nakhchivan came under Russian rule, there had been 290 native Armenians families in the province excluding the city of Nakhchivan, the number of Muslim families was 1,632, and the number of the Armenian immigrant families was 943. The same numbers in the city of Nakhchivan were 114, 392, and 285 respectively. With such a dramatic influx of Armenian immigrants, Griboyedov noted friction arising between the Armenian and Muslim populations. He requested Russian army commander Count Ivan Paskevich to give orders on resettlement of some of the arriving people further to the region of Daralayaz to quiet the tensions.[56]

The Nakhchivan Khanate was dissolved in 1828 the same year it came into Russian possession, and its territory was merged with the territory of the

Armenian-Tatar massacres which saw violence in Nakhchivan in May of that year.[58]

War and revolution

Main articles: Nakhichevan uezd and Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan

In the final year of

Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation.[32] The Ottomans proceeded to massacre 10,000 Armenians and razed 45 of their villages.[17] Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.[59]

Under British occupation, Sir Oliver Wardrop, British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, made a border proposal to solve the conflict. According to Wardrop, Armenian claims against Azerbaijan should not go beyond the administrative borders of the former Erivan Governorate (which under prior Imperial Russian rule encompassed Nakhchivan), while Azerbaijan was to be limited to the governorates of Baku and Elizavetpol. This proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Qazakh, Zangezur and Karabakh) and Azeris (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhchivan). As disputes between both countries continued, it soon became apparent that the fragile peace under British occupation would not last.[60]

In December 1918, with the support of Azerbaijan's

Musavat Party, Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski declared the Republic of Aras in the Nakhchivan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by Wardrop.[32] The Armenian government did not recognize the new state and sent its troops into the region to take control of it. The conflict soon erupted into the violent Aras War.[60] British journalist C. E. Bechhofer Roberts
described the situation in April 1920:

You cannot persuade a party of frenzied nationalists that two blacks do not make a white; consequently, no day went by without a catalogue of complaints from both sides, Armenians and Tartars [Azeris], of unprovoked attacks, murders, village burnings and the like. Specifically, the situation was a series of vicious cycles.[61]

By mid-June 1919, however, Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhchivan and the whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. The fall of the Aras republic triggered an invasion by the regular Azerbaijani army and by the end of July, the Armenian administration was ousted from Nakhchivan.[60] Again, more violence erupted leaving some ten thousand Armenians dead and forty-five Armenian villages destroyed.[17] Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over the area, the British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919.[62] Still, fighting between Armenians and Azeris continued and after a series of skirmishes that took place throughout the Nakhchivan district, a cease-fire agreement was concluded. However, the cease-fire lasted only briefly, and by early March 1920, more fighting broke out, primarily in Karabakh between Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan's regular army. This triggered conflicts in other areas with mixed populations, including Nakhchivan.

Following the adoption of the name of "

Vossug ed Dowleh made endeavours amongst Baku's leadership to join Iran.[63] In order to promote this idea, Vosugh ed Dowleh dispatched two separate Iranian delegations; one to Baku and one to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.[63] The delegation at Baku, at the behest of Zia ol Din Tabatabaee, held intensive negotiations with the leadership of the Musavat party during the increasing chaos and instability in the city.[63] During the closing stages, an accord was reached between them; however, before the idea was presented to Vossug ed Dowleh in Tehran, the Communists took over Baku and terminated the Musavat-Ottoman rule.[63] The Iranian delegation at Paris, which was headed by foreign minister Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III, reached a unity negotiation with the delegation from Baku and signed a confederation agreement.[64]
In the end, these efforts proved to be of no avail, with the Soviets taking over the entirety of Transcaucasia.

Sovietization

In July 1920, the

Azerbaijan SSR. In November, on the verge of taking over Armenia, the Bolsheviks, to attract public support, promised they would allot Nakhchivan to Armenia, along with Karabakh and Zangezur. Nariman Narimanov, leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan, issued a declaration celebrating the "victory of Soviet power in Armenia" and proclaimed that both Nakhchivan and Zangezur should be awarded to the Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former Armenian government:[5]

As of today, the old frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared to be non-existent. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan are recognised to be integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia.[65][66]

Sharur-Daralagezsky Uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to Nakhchivan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. This deal was reaffirmed on October 13, in the Treaty of Kars
. Article V of the treaty stated the following:

The Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhchivan, within the limits specified by Annex III to the present Treaty, constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan.[68]

Thus, on February 9, 1924, the Soviet Union officially established the Nakhchivan ASSR. Its constitution was adopted on April 18, 1926.[32]

In the Soviet Union

Main article:
Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

As a constituent part of the Soviet Union, tensions lessened over the ethnic composition of Nakhchivan or any territorial claims regarding it. Instead, it became an important point of industrial production with particular emphasis on the mining of minerals such as salt. Under Soviet rule, it was once a major junction on the Moscow-

NATO member state) and Iran (a close ally of the West until the Iranian Revolution
of 1979).

Map of the Nakhchivan ASSR within the Soviet Union

Facilities improved during Soviet times. Education and public health especially began to see some major changes. In 1913, Nakhchivan only had two hospitals with a total of 20 beds. The region was plagued by widespread diseases including trachoma and typhus. Malaria, which mostly came from the adjoining Aras River, brought serious harm to the region. At any one time, between 70% and 85% of Nakhchivan's population was infected with malaria, and in the region of Norashen (present-day Sharur) almost 100% were struck with the disease. This situation improved dramatically under Soviet rule. Malaria was sharply reduced and trachoma, typhus, and relapsing fever were eliminated.[32]

During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw a great demographic shift. In 1926, 15% of the region's population was Armenian, but by 1979, this number had shrunk to 1.4%.

Armenian SSR, the immigration of Azeris from Armenia, and the birth rate of Azeris being higher than that of Armenians.[9]

Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh noted similar though slower demographic trends and feared an eventual "de-Armenianization" of the area.

Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a partial railway and air blockade against Armenia, while another reason for the disruption of rail service to Armenia were attacks of Armenian forces on the trains entering the Armenian territory from Azerbaijan, which resulted in railroad personnel refusing to enter Armenia.[70][71]
This effectively crippled Armenia's economy, as 85% of the cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In response, Armenia closed the railway to Nakhchivan, thereby strangling the exclave's only link to the rest of the Soviet Union.

December 1989 saw unrest in Nakhchivan as its Azeri inhabitants moved to physically dismantle the Soviet border with Iran to flee the area and meet their ethnic Azeri cousins in northern Iran. This action was angrily denounced by the Soviet leadership and the Soviet media accused the Azeris of "embracing Islamic fundamentalism".[72]

Declaring independence

On Saturday, January 20, 1990,

secede from the USSR to protest the Soviet Union's actions during Black January.[74] Iranian Press Agency, IRNA, reported that upon its independence, Nakhchivan asked Turkey, Iran, and the United Nations to come to its aid.[75] It was the first part of the Soviet Union to declare independence,[76] preceding Lithuania's declaration by only a few weeks.[77] Subsequently, Nakhchivan was independent from Moscow and Baku but was then brought under control by the clan of Heydar Aliyev.[78]

In the post-Soviet era

Ayaz Mütallibov for supporting the coup. In late 1991, Aliyev consolidated his power base as chairman of the Nakhchivan Supreme Soviet and asserted Nakhchivan's near-total independence from Baku.[79]

Nakhchivan became a scene of conflict during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. On May 4, 1992, Armenian forces shelled the raion of Sadarak.[80][81][82] The Armenians claimed that the attack was in response to cross-border shelling of Armenian villages by Azeri forces from Nakhchivan.[83][84] David Zadoyan, a 42-year-old Armenian physicist and mayor of the region, said that the Armenians lost patience after months of firing by the Azeris. "If they were sitting on our hilltops and harassing us with gunfire, what do you think our response should be?" he asked.[85] The government of Nakhchivan denied these charges and instead asserted that the Armenian assault was unprovoked and specifically targeted the site of a bridge between Turkey and Nakhchivan.[84] "The Armenians do not react to diplomatic pressure," Nakhchivan foreign minister Rza Ibadov told the ITAR-Tass news agency, "It's vital to speak to them in a language they understand." Speaking to the agency from the Turkish capital Ankara, Ibadov said that Armenia's aim in the region was to seize control of Nakhchivan.[86] According to Human Rights Watch, hostilities broke out after three people were killed when Armenian forces began shelling the region.[87]

The heaviest fighting took place on May 18, when the Armenians captured Nakhchivan's exclave of

Levon Ter-Petrossian expressed his willingness to sign a cooperation treaty with Nakhchivan to end the fighting, and subsequently a cease-fire was agreed upon.[87]

The conflict in the area caused a harsh reaction from Turkey. Turkish Prime Minister

Parliament of Azerbaijan
turned to Heydar Aliyev and invited him to return from exile in Nakhchivan to lead the country in 1993.

Recent times

Today, Nakhchivan retains its autonomy as the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, and is internationally recognized as a constituent part of Azerbaijan governed by

its own elected legislative assembly.[91] A new constitution for Nakhchivan was approved in a referendum on November 12, 1995. The constitution was adopted by the republic's assembly on April 28, 1998, and has been in force since January 8, 1999.[92] However, the republic remains isolated, not only from the rest of Azerbaijan, but practically from the entire South Caucasus region. From 1995 until his resignation in December 2022, the region was ruled by Vasif Talibov, who is related by marriage to Azerbaijan's ruling family, the Aliyevs.[93] He was known for his authoritarian[93] and largely corrupt rule of the region.[94] Most residents prefer to watch Turkish television as opposed to Nakhchivan television, which one Azerbaijani journalist criticised as "a propaganda vehicle for Talibov and the Aliyevs."[93]

Economic hardships and energy shortages plague the area. There have been many cases of migrant workers seeking jobs in neighboring Turkey. "Emigration rates to Turkey," one analyst said, "are so high that most of the residents of the Besler district in Istanbul are Nakhchivanis."[93] In 2007, an agreement was struck with Iran to obtain more gas exports, and a new bridge on the Aras River between the two countries was inaugurated in October 2007; the Azerbaijani president, Ilham Aliyev and the first vice-president of Iran, Parviz Davoodi also attended the opening ceremony.[95]

As part of the 2020 ceasefire agreement which ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, Armenia, in the context of all economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked, agreed "to guarantee the security of transport connections between the western regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in order to arrange unobstructed movement of persons, vehicles and cargo in both directions". As part of the agreement, these transport communications are to be patrolled by Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.[96]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan
Subdivisions of Nakhchivan

Nakhchivan is subdivided into eight

Nakhchivan City
is treated separately.

Map ref. Administrative division Capital Type Area (km2) Population (August 1, 2011, estimate)[97] Notes
1 Babek (Babək)
Babek
 District 749,81[97] 66,200[97] Formerly known as Nakhchivan; renamed after Babak Khorramdin in 1991
2 Julfa (Culfa) Julfa District 1012,75[97] 43,000[97] Also spelled Jugha or Dzhulfa.
3 Kangarli (Kəngərli) Givraq District 711,86[97] 28,900[97] Split from Babek in March 2004
4
Nakhchivan City
(Naxçıvan Şəhər) 		n/a Municipality 191,82[97] 85,700[97] Split from Nakhchivan (Babek) in 1991
5 Ordubad
Ordubad
 District 994,88[97] 46,500[97] Split from Julfa during Sovietization[17]
6 Sadarak (Sədərək) Heydarabad District 153,49[97] 14,500[97] Split from Sharur in 1990; de jure includes the
Karki exclave
in Armenia, which is de facto under Armenian control
7 Shahbuz (Şahbuz) Shahbuz District 838,04[97] 23,400[97] Split from Nakhchivan (Babek) during Sovietization[17] Territory roughly corresponds to the Čahuk (Չահւք) district of the historic Syunik region within the Kingdom of Armenia[98]
8 Sharur (Şərur)
Sharur
 District 847,35[97] 106,600[97] Formerly known as Bashnorashen during its incorporation into the Soviet Union and Ilyich (after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) from the post-Sovietization period to 1990[17]
Total 5,500[97] 414,900[97]

Demographics

Ethnic groups in Nakhchivan
Year Azerbaijanis[dn 1] % Armenians % Others[dn 2] % Total
1828[99] 2,024[dn 3] 55.3 1,632 44.7 3,656
1831[100] Increase 17,138[dn 3] 56.1 Increase 13,342 43.7 27 1.2 30,507
1896[101] Increase 49,425 56.9 Increase 36,671 42.2 Increase 583 0.7 86,878
18975[102] Increase 64,151 63.7 Decrease 34,672 34.4 Increase 1,948 1.9 100,771
1916[103][104][e] Increase 81,191 59.3 Increase 54,209 39.6 Decrease 1,459 1.1 136,859
1926[105] Increase 88,433 84.3 Decrease 11,276 10.8 Increase 4,947 4.7 104,656
1939[106] Increase 108,529 85.7 Increase 13,350 10.5 Decrease 4,817 3.8 126,696
1959[106] Increase 127,508 90.2 Decrease 9,519 6.7 Decrease 4,334 3.1 141,361
1970[106] Increase 189,679 93.8 Decrease 5,828 2.9 Increase 6,680 3.3 202,187
1979[106] Increase 229,968 95.6 Decrease 3,406 1.4 Increase 7,085 2.9 240,459
1989[106] Increase 281,807 95.9 Decrease 1,858 0.6 Increase 10,210 3.5 293,875
1999[107] Increase 350,806 99.1 Decrease 17 0 Decrease 3,249 0.9 354,072
2009[108] Increase 396,709 99.6 Decrease 6 0 Decrease 1,608 0.4 398,323
  1. ^ Records prior to 1918 used the word Tatar (Russian for Turkic people), who are the ancestors of modern-day Azerbaijani Turks.
  2. Persians
    etc.
  3. ^ a b Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis) combined with other Muslims.

As of January 1, 2018, Nakhchivan's population was estimated to be 452,831.[109] Most of the population are Azerbaijanis, who constituted 99% of the population in 1999, while ethnic Russians (0.15%) and a minority of Kurds (0.6%) constituted the remainder of the population.[110]

The Kurds of Nakhchivan are mainly found in the districts of Sadarak and Teyvaz.[111] The remaining Armenians were expelled by Azerbaijani forces during the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the forceful exchange of population between Armenia and Azerbaijan. According to a 1932 Soviet estimate, 85% of the area's population was rural, while only 15% was urban. This urban percentage increased to 18% by 1939 and 27% by 1959.[17] As of 2011, 127,200 people of Nakhchivan's total population of 435,400 live in urban areas, making the urban percentage 29.2%.[112]

Nakhchivan enjoys a high Human Development Index; its socio-economic prowess far exceeds that of the neighbouring countries except for Turkey, as well as Azerbaijan itself. According to the report of Nakhchivan AR Committee of Statistics on June 30, 2014, for the end of 2013, some socio-economical data, including the following, are unveiled:

Variable Value
Population 452,831[112]
GNI (PPP) per Capita $15,300[113]
Life Expectancy at Birth 76.1 years[114]
Mean Years of Schooling 11.2 years[115]
Expected Years of Schooling 11.8 years[115]

Making use of the Human Development Index calculation method according to the new UNHD 2014 method,[116] the above values change into these:

Variable Value
Income Index 0.7599
Life Expectancy Index 0.8630
Education Index 0.7011

Further, the value of the HDI becomes to

Were it a country, Nakhchivan would be ranked between Malaysia (62nd)[116] and Mauritius (63rd)[116] for its HDI. Iran's HDI is 0.749 (75th), Turkey's 0.759 (69th), and Azerbaijan's 0.747 (76th).[116]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Azerbaijan
Topographic map of the region

Nakhchivan is a

hydroelectric dam generates power for both Azerbaijan and Iran. [citation needed
]

Nakhchivan is

Qazangödağ
3,829 m (12,562 ft) is another major peak.

Both the absolute minimum temperature (−33 °C or −27.4 °F) and the absolute maximum temperature (46 °C or 114.8 °F) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad.[118]

a vast green plain with isolated mountains in the distance
Nakchivan landscape

Economy

See also: Economy of Nakhchivan

Industry

Nakhchivan's major

radio engineering, farm ginning, preserving, silk products, meat, and dairy, bottling of mineral waters, clothing, and furniture are the principal branches of Nakhchivan's industry. The Nakhchivan Automobile Plant (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Avtomobil Zavodu, abbr. NAZ), is a prominent automobile manufacturer in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The economy suffered a severe blow in 1988 with the loss of access to both raw materials and markets, due to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Although new markets are emerging in Iran and Turkey, this isolation still persists to this day, impairing development. The economy of Nakhchivan is based on agriculture, mining, and food processing, however, 75% of the republic's budget is supplied by the central government in Baku. [citation needed
]

The Republic is rich in minerals. Nakhchivan possesses deposits of

Buffaloes are also bred here.[citation needed
]

Although intentions to facilitate tourism have been declared by the government, it is still at best incipient. Until 1997 tourists needed special permission to visit, which has now been abolished, making travel easier. Facilities are very basic and heating fuel is hard to find in the winter, but the arid mountains bordering Armenia and Iran are magnificent. In terms of services, Nakhchivan offers very basic facilities and lacks heating fuel during the winter.[32]

In 2007 the

Shah Takhti in Nakhchivan, was completed, allowing residents of the republic to access Azerbaijan proper via Iran without having to cross Armenian territory.[119]

International issues

Examples of Armenian khachkars from Julfa

Destruction of Armenian cultural monuments

Main article:
Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan

The number of named Armenian churches known to have existed in the Nakhchivan region is

over 280. As early as 1648, French traveller Alexandre de Rhodes reported seeing more than ten thousand Armenian tombstones made of marble in Julfa.[120] The number of ecclesiastical monuments still standing in Nakhchivan in the 1980s is estimated to be between 59 and 100. The author and journalist Sylvain Besson believe them to have all been subsequently destroyed as part of a campaign by the Government of Azerbaijan to erase all traces of Armenian culture on its soil.[121]

When the 14th-century church of St. Stephanos at

Shurut. The Armenian churches in Norashen, Kırna and Gah that were standing in the 1980s had also vanished.[122][123][124]

The most publicised case of mass destruction concerns gravestones at a medieval cemetery in

Julfa, with photographic, video and satellite evidence supporting the charges.[125][126][127]
In April 2006 British The Times wrote about the destruction of the cemetery in the following way:

A Medieval cemetery regarded as one of the wonders of the Caucasus has been erased from the Earth in an act of cultural vandalism likened to the Taleban blowing up the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan in 2001. The Jugha cemetery was a unique collection of several thousand carved stone crosses on Azerbaijan's southern border with Iran. But after 18 years of conflict between Azerbaijan and its western neighbour, Armenia, it has been confirmed that the cemetery has vanished."[128]

Armenians have long sounded the alarm that the Azerbaijanis intend to eliminate all evidence of Armenian presence in Nakhchivan and to this end, have been carrying out massive and irreversible destruction of Armenian cultural traces. "The irony is that this destruction has taken place not during a time of war but at a time of peace," Armenian Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian told The Times.[128] Azerbaijan has consistently denied these accusations. For example, according to the Azerbaijani ambassador to the US, Hafiz Pashayev, the videos and photographs "show some unknown people destroying mid-size stones", and "it is not clear of what nationality those people are", and the reports are Armenian propaganda designed to divert attention from what he claimed was a "state policy (by Armenia) to destroy the historical and cultural monuments in the occupied Azeri territories".[129]

A number of international organizations have confirmed the complete destruction of the cemetery. The Institute for War and Peace Reporting reported on April 19, 2006, that "there is nothing left of the celebrated stone crosses of Jugha."[130]

According to the International Council on Monuments and Sites (Icomos), the Azerbaijan government removed 800 khachkars in 1998. Though the destruction was halted following protests from UNESCO, it resumed four years later. By January 2003 "the 1,500-year-old cemetery had completely been flattened" according to Icomos.[131][132] On December 8, 2010, the American Association for the Advancement of Science released a report entitled "Satellite Images Show Disappearance of Armenian Artifacts in Azerbaijan".[133] The report contained the analysis of high resolution satellite images of the Julfa cemetery, which verified the destruction of the khachkars.

The European Parliament has formally called on Azerbaijan to stop the demolition as a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.[134] According to its resolution regarding cultural monuments in the South Caucasus, the European Parliament "condemns strongly the destruction of the Julfa cemetery as well as the destruction of all sites of historical importance that has taken place on Armenian or Azerbaijani territory, and condemns any such action that seeks to destroy cultural heritage."[135] In 2006, Azerbaijan barred a Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) mission from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site, stating that it would only accept a delegation if it also visited Armenian-occupied territory. "We think that if a comprehensive approach is taken to the problems that have been raised," said Azerbaijani foreign ministry spokesman Tahir Tagizade, "it will be possible to study Christian monuments on the territory of Azerbaijan, including in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic."[136]

A renewed attempt was planned by PACE inspectors for August 29 – September 6, 2007, led by British MP Edward O'Hara. As well as Nakhchivan, the delegation would visit Baku, Yerevan, Tbilisi, and Nagorno Karabakh.[137] The inspectors planned to visit Nagorno Karabakh via Armenia; however, on August 28, the head of the Azerbaijani delegation to PACE released a demand that the inspectors must enter Nagorno Karabakh via Azerbaijan. On August 29, PACE Secretary-General Mateo Sorinas announced that the visit had to be cancelled because of the difficulty in accessing Nagorno Karabakh using the route required by Azerbaijan. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Armenia issued a statement saying that Azerbaijan had stopped the visit "due solely to their intent to veil the demolition of Armenian monuments in Nakhijevan".[138]

In 2022, the Cornell University-led monitoring group Caucasus Heritage Watch released a report detailing the "complete destruction of Armenian cultural heritage" in Nakhchivan starting the 1990s.[139] According the report, out of 110 medieval and early modern Armenian monasteries, churches and cemeteries identified from archival sources, 108 were deliberately and systematically destroyed between 1997 and 2011.[139] In some cases, such as the Saint Thomas Monastery in Yukhari Aylis (Agulis), mosques or other civic buildings were built on the site of the destroyed buildings.[139]

Recognition of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

In the late 1990s the

Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Close relations between Nakhchivan and Turkey probably initiated this recognition.[140][141]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Azerbaijan

Nakhchivan is one of the cultural centers of Azerbaijan.[

Nakhchivan Music and Drama Theater in 1965).[142] The Aras Song and Dance Ensemble (established in 1959) is another famous group. Dramatic performances staged by an amateur dance troupe were held in Nakhchivan in the late 19th century. Theatrical art also greatly contributed to Nakhchivan's culture. The creative work of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Huseyn Javid, and Huseyn Arablinski (the first Azerbaijani theatre director) stemmed from Nakhchivan.[32] The region has also produced noteworthy Armenian artists, too, such as Soviet actress Hasmik Agopyan. Nakhchivan has also at times been mentioned in works of literature. World-renowned Soviet composer Aram Khatchaturian, the Armenian Hovnatanian painter family, as well as the actor Yervand Manaryan, have shaped the cultural wealth of Nakchivan, too.[143][144] Nizami
, the Persian poet, once wrote:

که تا جایگه یافتی نخچوان
Oh Nakhchivan, respect you've attained,
بدین شاه شد بخت پیرت جوان
With this King in luck you'll remain.

Archaeology

The very early

Makhta Kultepe. Recent excavations at Ovcular Tepesi allow the dating of the initial stage of formation of Kura-Araxes culture to 4200–3400 BC.[145]

The Naxçivan Archaeological Project is the first-ever joint American-Azerbaijani program of surveys and excavations, that was active since 2006.[146] In 2010–11, they have excavated the large Iron Age fortress of Oğlanqala.[147]

In Nakhchivan, there are also numerous archaeological monuments of the early Iron Age, and they shed a lot of light on the cultural, archaeological and agricultural developments of that era. There are important sites such as Ilikligaya, Irinchoy, and the Sanctuary of Iydali Piri in Kangarli region.[148]

Notable people

Heydar Aliyev, former President of Azerbaijan, was born in Nakhchivan.

Political leaders

Religious leaders

Military leaders

Writers and poets

Scientists

  • Alec (Alirza) Rasizade
    , an American professor of history and political science, the author of the Rasizade's algorithm.
  • Ruben Orbeli, Soviet archaeologist, historian and jurist, who was renowned as the founder of Soviet underwater archaeology.

Others

Gallery

  • Brickwork and faience pattern on the Momine Khatun mausoleum
    Brickwork and faience pattern on the Momine Khatun mausoleum
  • Medieval-period ram-shaped grave monuments collected near the Momine Khatun mausoleum
    Medieval-period ram-shaped grave monuments collected near the Momine Khatun mausoleum
  • Ram-shaped grave monument embedded in concrete
    Ram-shaped grave monument embedded in concrete
  • The Batabat region of Shakhbuz
    The Batabat region of Shakhbuz
  • General view of Ordubad with a range of high mountains in neighboring Iran in the distance
    General view of
    Ordubad with a range of high mountains in neighboring Iran
    in the distance
  • Houses in Ordubad photographed near the east bank of Ordubad-chay (also known as the Dubendi stream)
    Houses in Ordubad photographed near the east bank of Ordubad-chay (also known as the Dubendi stream)
  • Narrow streets in Ordubad
    Narrow streets in Ordubad
  • A mosque in a quarter of Ordubad
    A mosque in a quarter of Ordubad
  • Aras River on the Iranian border near Julfa
    Aras River
    on the Iranian border near Julfa
  • Mountainous terrain of Nakhchivan
    Mountainous terrain of Nakhchivan
  • Armenian khachkar cemetery at Julfa
    Armenian khachkar cemetery at Julfa

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ border 221 km (137 mi)
  2. ^ border 179 km (111 mi)
  3. ^ border 8 km (5.0 mi)
  4. ^ "As of today, the old frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared to be non-existent. Mountainous Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan are recognised to be integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia."[6][7]
  5. ^ The Nakhichevan uezd did not include the population of the Sharur or Sadarak districts which were part of the Sharur-Daralayaz and Erivan uezds, respectively.
References
  1. ^ Xəlilzadə, elgunkh, Elgun Xelilzade, Elgun Khalilzadeh, Elgün. "Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi". Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c "Naxcivan, | History & Geography | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  3. ^ Official portal of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic :Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Archived December 9, 2012, at archive.today
  4. ^ "Population of Azerbaijan". stat.gov.az. State Statistics Committee. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  5. ^ a b De Waal. Black Garden, p. 129.
  6. ^ Tim Potier, "Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal" (2001), p. 4.
  7. ^ Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications" (1998), p. 18.
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-521-57799-3
  9. ^ a b c Armenia: A Country Study: The New Nationalism, The Library of Congress
  10. ^ Andrew Andersen, PhD Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918–1920
  11. ^ Croissant. Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 16.
  12. ^ "Naxcivan – republic, Azerbaijan". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  13. ISBN 0-87779-809-5
    ) New York: Merriam-Webster, Inc.
  14. ^ "Azerbaijan – history – geography". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  15. ^ "Plant Genetic Resources in Central Asia and Caucasus: History of Armenia". Archived from the original on February 28, 2007.
  16. ^ Tabrizi, Yusuf S (2011). The Yazeris: The People, Their History and Culture. Tabriz: Self.
  17. ^
    ISBN 0-226-33228-4
    .
  18. ^ a b Elisabeth Bauer, Armenia: Past and Present, p.99 (ISBN B0006EXQ9C).
  19. ISBN 0-8305-0076-6
    ).
  20. ^ Ibid. p.267.
  21. ^ a b (in Russian) "Nakhichevan" in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, St. Petersburg, Russia: 1890–1907.
  22. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nakhichevan" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 156.
  23. ^ a b c Hiwbshman, H. (1907). Hin Hayotsʻ Teghwoy Anunnerě [Ancient Armenian Place Names] (in Armenian). Translated by Pilējikchean, H. B. Vienna: Mkhitʻarean Tparan. pp. 222–223, 385.
  24. ^ Hakobyan, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1991). "Nakhijevan". Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan State University. pp. 951–953.
  25. ^
    ISBN 3-88226-485-3
    .
  26. ^ "Chapter 3". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  27. ^ Noah's Ark: Its Final Berth Archived March 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine by Bill Crouse
  28. ^ "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic". nakhchivan.preslib.az. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  29. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2010.08.002
    .
  30. S2CID 251329025
    .
  31. ISBN 978-2-35668-074-7
    .
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Нахичеванская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  33. ^ "Early Indo-European Online: Introduction to the Language Lessons". Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  34. ^
    ISBN 0-8143-1896-7
  35. ^ Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas, p. 100.
  36. ^ (in Armenian) Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram. "Մուրացյան" (Muratsyan). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. viii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1982, p. 98.
  37. ^ "ARMENIA". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  38. ^ Կորյուն, Վարք Մաշտոցի, աշխարհաբար թարգմանությունը, ներածական ուսումնասիրությամբ, առաջաբանով և ծանոթագրություններով՝ Մ. Աբեղյանի, Եր., 1962, էջ 98։
  39. ^ Koryun: Life of Mashtots Koryun, The Life of Mashtots
  40. ^
    ISBN 0-04-956009-3
    .
  41. ISBN 0-520-20497-2
  42. ^ M. Whittow, "The Making of Byzantium: 600–1025", pp. 195, 203, 215: Excerpts:[Iranian] Azerbaijan was the scene of frequent anti-Caliphate and anti-Arab revolts during the eighth and ninth centuries, and Byzantine sources talk of Persian warriors seeking refuge in the 830s from the caliph's armies by taking service under the Byzantine emperor Theophilos. [...] Azerbaijan had a Persian population and was a traditional centre of the Zoroastrian religion. [...] The Khurramites were a [...] Persian sect, influenced by Shiite doctrines, but with their roots in a pre-Islamic Persian religious movement.
  43. ^ Armenian historian Vardan Areveltsi, c. 1198 – 1271 notes: In these days, a man of the PERSIAN race, named Bab, who had went from Baltat killed many of the race of Ismayil (what Armenians called Arabs) by sword and took many slaves and thought himself to be immortal. ..Ma'mun for 7 years was battling in the Greek territories and ..came back to Mesopotamia. See: La domination arabe en Armènie, extrait de l’ histoire universelle de Vardan, traduit de l’armènian et annotè, J. Muyldermans, Louvain et Paris, 1927, pg 119: En ces jours-lá, un homme de la race PERSE, nomm é Bab, sortant de Baltat, faiser passer par le fil de l’épée beaucoup de la race d’Ismayēl tandis qu’il.. Original Grabar: Havoursn haynosig ayr mi hazkes Barsitz Pap anoun yelyal i Baghdada, arganer zpazoums i sour suseri hazken Ismayeli, zpazoums kerelov. yev anser zinkn anmah. yev i mium nvaki sadager yeresoun hazar i baderazmeln youroum ent Ismayeli
  44. ^ Ibn Hazm (994–1064), the Arab historian mentions the different Iranian revolts against the Caliphate in his book Al-fasl fil al-Milal wal-Nihal. He writes: The Persians had the great land expanse and were greater than all other people and thought of themselves as better... after their defeat by Arabs, they rose up to fight against Islam, but God did not give them victory. Among their leaders were Sanbadh, Muqanna', Ostadsis and Babak and others. Full original Arabic:
    «أن الفرس كانوا من سعة الملك وعلو اليد على جميع الأمم وجلالة الخطير في أنفسهم حتى أنهم كانوا يسمون أنفسهم الأحرار والأبناء وكانوا يعدون سائر الناس عبيداً لهم فلما امتحنوا بزوال الدولة عنهم على أيدي العرب وكانت العرب أقل الأمم عند الفرس خطراً تعاظمهم الأمر وتضاعفت لديهم المصيبة وراموا كيد الإسلام بالمحاربة في أوقات شتى ففي كل ذلك يظهر الله سبحانه وتعالى الحق وكان من قائمتهم سنبادة واستاسيس والمقنع وبابك وغيرهم ». See: al-Faṣl fī al-milal wa-al-ahwāʾ wa-al-niḥal / taʾlīf Abī Muḥammad ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad al-maʻrūf bi-Ibn Ḥazm al-Ẓāhirī; taḥqīq Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Naṣr, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ʻUmayrah. Jiddah : Sharikat Maktabāt ʻUkāẓ, 1982.
  45. ^ "Babak". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
  46. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "Atabakan-e Adarbayjan" Archived October 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Saljuq rulers of Azerbaijan, 12th–13th, Luther, K. pp. 890–894.
  47. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "The mausoleum of Nakhichevan (#) – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  48. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. C. Bosworth. History of Azerbaijan, Islamic period to 1941, page 225[permanent dead link]
  49. ^ Floor 2008, p. 171.
  50. ^ The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617–61, Vera B. Moreen, Journal of Near Eastern Studies Vol. 40, No. 2 (April 1981), pp.128–129
  51. ^ The history and conquests of the Saracens, 6 lectures, Edward Augustus Freeman, Macmillan (1876) p. 229
  52. ^ Lang. Armenia: Cradle of Civilization, pp. 210–1.
  53. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. Kangarlu Archived October 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ISBN 1598849484
  55. ^ Туркманчайский договор 1828, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  56. ^ (in Russian) A.S. Griboyedov. Letter to Count I.F.Paskevich.
  57. ^ (in Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Sharur-Daralagyoz uyezd". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890–1907
  58. ISBN 0-275-96241-5
  59. ^ Croissant. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 15.
  60. ^ a b c Dr. Andrew Andersen, PhD Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918–1920
  61. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7
  62. ^ Croissant. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 16.
  63. ^
    ISBN 978-0190869663
    .
  64. ISBN 978-0190869663
    .
  65. ^
    ISBN 90-411-1477-7
  66. ^ Croissant. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 18.
  67. ^
    ISBN 0-521-57799-3
  68. ^ "ANN/Groong – Treaty of Berlin – 07/13/1878". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  69. ^ De Waal. Black Garden, p. 271.
  70. ISBN 0-275-97260-7
  71. ISBN 0-8014-8736-6
  72. ^ De Waal, Black Garden, p. 88-89.
  73. ISBN 9780391037724
    .
  74. ^ William, Nick B. Jr. (January 21, 1990). "Soviet Enclave Declares Independence". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  75. ISBN 9780812920468
    .
  76. ^ "Asian Event/USSR". Asian Bulletin. Vol. 15, no. 1–6. Taiwan: APACL Publications. 1990. p. 73. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  77. ISBN 9780230590489
    .
  78. ^ "Iranian Influence in Nakhchivan: Impact on Azerbaijani-Armenian Conflict". Jamestown.
  79. ^ Azerbaijan: A Country Study: Aliyev and the Presidential Election of October 1993, The Library of Congress
  80. ^ Contested Borders in the Caucasus: Chapter VII: Iran's Role as Mediator in the Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis Archived February 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine by Abdollah Ramezanzadeh
  81. ^ Russia Plans Leaner, More Open Military. The Washington Post. May 23, 1992
  82. ^ Background Paper on the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. Council of Europe.
  83. ^ The Toronto Star. May 20, 1992
  84. ^ a b "US Department of State Daily Briefing #78: Tuesday, 5/19/92". Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
  85. ^ Armenian Siege of Azeri Town Threatens Turkey, Russia, Iran. The Baltimore Sun. June 3, 1992
  86. ^ Reuters News Agency Archived January 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, wire carried by the Globe and Mail (Canada) on May 20, 1992. pg. A.10
  87. ^ a b Overview of Areas of Armed Conflict in the former Soviet Union, Human Rights Watch, Helsinki Report
  88. ^ Azerbaijan: Seven Years Of Conflict In Nagorno-Karabakh, Human Rights Watch, Helsinki Report
  89. ^ a b Turkey Orders Armenians to Leave Azerbaijan, Moves Troops to the Border. The Salt Lake Tribune. September 4, 1993. pg. A1.
  90. ^ Azerbaijan: A Country Study: Efforts to Resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis, 1993, The Library of Congress
  91. ISBN 1-74059-138-0
  92. ^ "State Structure of Nakhchivan". Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  93. ^ a b c d "Nakhichevan: Disappointment and Secrecy". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. May 19, 2004. Retrieved May 19, 2004.
  94. ^ "Nakhichevan: From Despair to Where?". Axis News. July 21, 2005. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2005.
  95. ^ "Azerbaijani President attends opening of bridge uniting Iran with Azerbaijan". Azeri Press Agency. October 17, 2007. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  96. ^ "Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation". Kremlin.ru. November 10, 2020.
  97. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Official portal of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic :Cities and regions Archived May 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  98. ^ Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas, p. 123.
  99. ^ Alexander Griboyedov (1828). Рапорт А.С.Грибоедова графу И.Ф.Паскевичу (in Russian). Moscow: А.С.Грибоедов. Сочинения. Москва, Художественная литература, 1988 г., сс. 611–614.
  100. ^ Ivan Shopen (1852). Шопен И. Исторический памятник состояния Армянской области в эпоху её присоединения к Российской Империи. [Ethnic Processes in the South Cacucasus in 19th–20th centuries] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Имп. Академия наук (Imperial Academy of Sciences).
  101. ^ (in Russian) Нахичевань. Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
  102. ^ (in Russian) Демокоп Weekly Нахичеванский уезд
  103. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 214–221. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021.
  104. ^ Christopher J. Walker, ed., Armenia and Karabakh, op. cit., pp. 64–65
  105. ^ "Нахичеванская ССР 1926". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru (in Russian).
  106. ^ a b c d e (in Russian) Население Азербайджана
  107. ^ "The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Regions of Azerbaijan- Nakchivan economic district – Ethnic Structure". Archived from the original on February 13, 2012.
  108. ^ "Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  109. ^ "Naxçıvan əhalisinin sayı açıqlandı". May 22, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018 – via qafqazinfo.az.
  110. ^ "The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan: Nakhchivan Economic Region". Archived from the original on February 13, 2012.
  111. ^ "Kurdish people – Kurds in Azerbaijan – Azerb.com".
  112. ^ a b "Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası üzrə əhalinin sayı və cins üzrə bölgüsü 1)". Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  113. ^ "Makroiqtisadi göstəricilər". statistika.nmr.az. Archived from the original on December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  114. ^ "Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası üzrə cins bölgüsündə doğulanda gözlənilən ömür uzunluğu". Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  115. ^ a b "Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası üzrə təhsilin əsas göstəriciləri". Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  116. ^ a b c d "Technical notes: Calculating the human development indices – graphical presentation" (PDF). June 24, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  117. ^ Plunkett and Masters. Lonely Planet, p. 246.
  118. ^ Mahmudov, Rza. "Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic". Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  119. ^ "USACC Newsletter". usacc.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  120. ^ Alexande de Rhodes, Divers Voyages et Missions du P. A. de Rhodes en la Chine, &AutresRoyaumes avec son Retour en Europe par la Perse et I’Armenie (Paris: Sebastian Cramoisy, 1653), Part 3, 63. Second edition (Paris: 1854), 416. "Out of the walls of this city [Julfa] which now is only a desert, I saw a beautiful monument to the ancient piety of the Armenians. It is a vast site, where there are at the very least ten thousand tombstones of marble, all marvellously well carved."
  121. ^ Sylvain Besson, "L'Azerbaidjian Face au Desastre Culturel", Le Temps (Switzerland), November 4, 2006.
  122. ^ Switzerland-Armenia Parliamentary Group (ed.) "The destruction of Jugha and the Entire Armenian Cultural Heritage in Nakhchivan", Bern, 2006. p73-77.
  123. ^ Monumental Effort: Scotsman wants to prove Azeri policy of cultural destruction in Nakhijevan, Gayane Mkrtchyan, ArmeniaNow, September 2, 2005.Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Quote: "But a special state policy of destruction is being implemented in Azerbaijan. In Turkey, after 90 years of staying empty, there are still standing churches today, meanwhile in Nakhijevan, all have been destroyed within just 10 years."
  124. ^ The Switzerland-Armenia Association (SAA), for consideration at the 49th session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Pre-Sessional Working Group, 21–25 May 2012)
  125. ^ "World Watches in Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture". The Art Newspaper. May 25, 2006. Archived from the original on September 11, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2006.
  126. ^ "Tragedy on the Araxes". Archaeology. June 30, 2006. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
  127. ^ "Armenica: Destruction of Armenian Khatchkars in Old Jougha (Nakhichevan)". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  128. ^ a b "Historic graveyard is victim of war – The Times". The Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  129. ^ "Will the arrested minister become new leader of opposition? Azerbaijani press digest". REGNUM News Agency. January 20, 2006. Retrieved January 20, 2006.
  130. ^ "Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. April 19, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2006.
  131. ^ ICOMOS World Report 2006/2007 on Monuments and Sites in Danger
  132. Independent.co.uk. May 29, 2006. Archived
    from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  133. ^ "Satellite Images Show Disappearance of Armenian Artifacts in Azerbaijan". December 8, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  134. ^ "European Parliament Resolution on the European Neighbourhood Policy – January 2006". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  135. ^ "Texts adopted – Thursday, 16 February 2006 – Cultural heritage in Azerbaijan – P6_TA(2006)0069". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  136. ^ Castle, Stephen (May 30, 2006). "Azerbaijan 'Flattened' Sacred Armenian Site". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved May 30, 2006.
  137. ^ "Pace Mission to Monitor Cultural Monuments", S. Agayeva, Trend News Agency, Azerbaijan, August 22, 2007.
  138. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, Press Release August 29, 2007.
  139. ^ a b c Nutt, David (September 12, 2022). "Report shows near-total erasure of Armenian heritage sites". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  140. ^ "iExplore.com – Cyprus Overview". Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  141. ^ "Europe, the US, Turkey and Azerbaijan recognize the "unrecognized" Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". REGNUM News Agency. September 22, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
  142. ^ "Teatrlar". imp.nakhchivan.az. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  143. ^ "Family tree". Virtual Museum of Aram Khachaturian. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  144. ISBN 9789993051299
    .
  145. ^ Bakhshaliev V.B. (2013), Proto Kura-Araxes ceramics of Nakhchivan
  146. ^ Nakhchivan Archaeological Project oglanqala.net
  147. ^ 2010 / 2011 Season oglanqala.net
  148. ^ Archaeological Treasures Of Nakhchivan – OpEd – Eurasia Review 2016

Sources

  • Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. p. 248.
    ISBN 978-1933823232
    .

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naxçıvan.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nakhchivan (region).

39°20′N 45°30′E / 39.333°N 45.500°E / 39.333; 45.500

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic&oldid=1217520437"