Nakota
Nakota / Nakoda / Nakona // Îyârhe "ally / friend" // "mountain" | |
---|---|
Person | Assiniboine: Îyethkabi / Îyethka Oyade |
Language | Assiniboine: (oral): Nakón Iyábi (sign): Nakón Wíyutabi Stoney: (oral): Îyethka Îabi / wîchoîe (sign): Îyethka Wowîhâ |
Country | Assiniboine: Nakón Mąkóce Stoney: Îyethka Makóce |
Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona)
The Assiniboine branched off from the
Linguistic history
Historically, the tribes belonging to the Sioux nation known as the Oceti Sakowin (Seven Council Fires) have generally been classified into three large regional groups:[2]
- Lakota (Thítȟuŋwaŋ; anglicized as Teton), who form the westernmost group;
- Eastern Dakota (Isáŋyathi; anglicized as Santee), consisting of the four bands: Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute;
- Western Dakota, collectively known as Wičhíyena, the two central tribes of the Yankton and the Yanktonai.
The Assiniboine separated from the Yankton-Yanktonai grouping around 1640.[3] All tribes of Sioux use the term Dakóta, or Lakóta, to designate those who speak one of the Dakota/Lakota dialects, except the Assiniboine. The latter, however, include themselves under the term (Nakóta).[4]
For a long time, very few scholars criticized this classification. Among the first was the Yankton/Lakota scholar Ella Deloria.[4]
In 1978, Douglas R. Parks, A. Wesley Jones, David S. Rood, and
Currently, the groups refer to themselves as follows in their mother tongues:
- Dakota people – Dakota, Santee, Yankton and Yanktonai
- Lakota people – Lakota or Teton Sioux
- Nakota – the Assiniboine[9] and the Stoney[9]
Present trends
Recently the Assiniboine and, especially, the Stoney have begun to minimize the historic separation from the Dakota, claiming a shared identity with the broader Sioux Nation. This can be seen on Alberta's Stoney official Internet sites, for example, in the self-designation of the Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation,[10] or in the claim of the Nakoda people to their Sioux ancestry and the value of their native language: "As descendants of the great Sioux nations, the Stoney tribal members of today prefer to conduct their conversation and tribal business in the Siouan mother tongue".[11] Saskatchewan's Assiniboine and Stoney tribes also claim identification with the Sioux tradition.[12]
The Assiniboine-Stoney tribes have supported recent "pan-Sioux" attempts to revive the native languages. Their representatives attend the annual "Lakota, Dakota, Nakota Language Summits." Since 2008, these have been sponsored by Tusweca Tiospaye (Dragonfly Community), the Lakota non-profit organization for the promotion and strengthening of the language.[13] They promote a mission of "Uniting the Seven Council Fires to Save the Language".[14]
Notes
- ^ For the usage of the term "nakona" by Fort Peck's Assiniboine, cf. http://fpcctalkindian.nativeweb.org/ and http://www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/hisamples/HI-TCU-FortPeck.pdf Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Robert H. Lowie, Indians of the plains, American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Handbook 1, New York: McGraw Hill, 1954 (8)
- ^ "The Assiniboine". Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service). April 24, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
- ^ a b The inaccuracy of the scheme was also discussed, in 1976, in Patricia A. Shaw's PhD Dissertation, Dakota Phonology and Morphology, University of Toronto (cited by Parks & Rankin, p. 97). For a non-linguist point of view, cf. also E. S. Curtis (The North ... , vol. 3, The Teton Sioux. The Yanktonai. The Assiniboin, p. 142 [1])
- ^ A summary of the research can be found in Parks/DeMallie, 1992.
- ISBN 978-0-8061-3950-0)
- ^ Raymond DeMallie reports that the word 'nakota' had "become a symbol of self-identification for Yankton and Yanktonai young people that distinguished them from the Santee-Sisseton and Teton ..." ("Sioux ...", p. 750).
- ^ A like thesis is held by James H. Howard. While admitting that, in modern times, all the oriental and central Sioux groups use the term Dakhóta to designate themselves (and the whole nation), he suggests that the form Nakhóta has just "fallen into disuse'" among the Yankton and the Yanktonai (The Canadian ... , p. 4)
- ^ endonymincludes both the Assiniboine/Stoney and the Lakota/Dakota.
- ^ Cf. http://www.alexisnakotasioux.com/
- ^ Cf. "Bearspaw, Chiniki, Wesley Nakoda Nations (Stoney)". Treaty 7 Nations. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
- ^ Cf. "Hohe Nakoda History & Background". Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2013-02-12.. According to the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre (SICC), some elder Stoney say they can understand Lakota better than Assiniboine. They believe they may be "Rocky Mountains Sioux" rather than descendants of the Hohe ("Rebels," as the Assiniboine used to be called).
- ^ Thuswéčha Thióšpaye
- ^ Cf. "Lakota Dakota Nakota Language Summit". Tusweca Tiospaye : Uniting the Seven Council Fires to Save Our Language. Archived from the original on 2009-08-13. Retrieved 2009-10-01.. The Lakota promoters acknowledge a common origin with the Nakota peoples: 2008's Language Summit was an effort to unite the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota ("Sioux") oyate (peoples) in both the United States and Canada to revive the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota languages. In the program of the 2009 summit, the list of the tribes forming the "Seven Council Fires" included the Assiniboine and Stoney in the "Fire" of the Yanktonai. (This was the group from which they are said to have separated historically.) Later, the two Nakota tribes were shifted to the end of the list. The wording, "Also includes the Stoney and Assiniboine People," was retained.2009 Summit Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
Sources
- Curtis, Edward Sheriff, The North American Indian : being a series of volumes picturing and describing the Indians of the United States, and Alaska (written, illustrated, and published by Edward S. Curtis; edited by Frederick Webb Hodge), Seattle, E. S. Curtis [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907–1930, 20 v. (Northwestern University)
- ISBN 0-16-050400-7)
- Guy E. Gibbon, The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota nations, Malden, Blackwell Publishers, 2003 (ISBN 1557865663)
- Howard, James H., The Canadian Sioux, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1984 (ISBN 0-8032-2327-7)
- Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/
- Palmer, Jessica D., The Dakota peoples: a history of the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota through 1863. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2008 (ISBN 0786431776)
- Parks, Douglas R., DeMallie, Raymond J., "Sioux, Assiniboine and Stoney Dialects: A Classification", Anthropological Linguistics, Special Issue, Florence M. Voegelin Memorial Volume, Vol. 34:1-4 (Spring - Winter, 1992), pp. 233-255 (accessible online at JSTORE.
- Parks, Douglas R. & Rankin, Robert L., "The Siouan languages", in Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, p. 94–114), William C. Sturtevant (gen. ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 2001.
- Christopher Westhorp, Pocket guide to native Americans, Salamander Books, Londra, 1993 (ISBN 88-7082-254-0).