Name
A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its
Etymology
The word name comes from
Naming conventions
A naming convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria for naming things.
Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have chosen alphabetical names by birth order. In some East Asian cultures it is common for one syllable in a two-syllable given name to be a generation name which is the same for immediate siblings. In many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father or a grandfather. In certain African cultures, such as in Cameroon, the eldest son gets the family name for his given name. In other cultures, the name may include the place of residence, or the place of birth.
Major naming conventions include:
- In astronomy, astronomical naming conventions
- In biology, binomial nomenclature
- In chemistry, chemical nomenclature
- In classics, Roman naming conventions
- In identifier naming conventions
- In computer naming schemes
- In planetary science, planetary nomenclature
- In sciences generally, systematic names for a variety of things
Products may follow a naming convention.
Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the subject area and then a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty.
Many numbers (e.g., bank accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc.) are not random but have an internal structure and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers,
Personal name
A
A common practice in many countries is
Besides first, middle, and last names, individuals may also have
Names of names
Part of a series on |
Linguistics |
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Portal |
In
Name of ... | Name of name |
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Full name of a person | Personal name |
First name of a person | Given name |
Family name | Surname |
Residents of a locality | Demonym |
Ethnic group | Ethnonym |
False or assumed name | Pseudonym |
Pseudonym of an author | Pen name |
Pseudonym of a performer | Stage name |
Other names | -onym-suffixed words |
Name of a... | Name of name |
---|---|
Any geographical object | Toponym
|
Body of water | Hydronym |
Mountain or hill | Oronym
|
Region or country | Choronym |
Any inhabited locality | Econym
|
Village | Comonym |
Town or city | Astionym |
Cosmic object | Cosmonym |
Star | Astronym |
Other names | -onym-suffixed words |
Brand names
Developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing research and strategy to be appealing and marketable. The brand name is often a neologism or pseudoword, such as Kodak or Sony.
Religious names
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (October 2017) |
In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east (
Biblical names
In the
Throughout the
Indian name
Indian names are based on a variety of systems and
For some Indians, their birth name is different from their official name; the birth name starts with a randomly selected name from the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's birth).
Many children are given three names, sometimes as a part of religious teaching.
Quranic names (Arabic names)
We can see many Arabic names in the Quran and in Muslim people, such as Allah, Muhammad, Khwaja, Ismail, Mehboob, Suhelahmed, Shoheb Ameena, Aaisha, Sameena, Rumana, Swaleha, etc.
The names Mohammed and Ahmed are the same, for example Suhel Ahmad or Mohammad Suhel are the same. There are many similar names in Islam and Christianity, such as Yosef (Islamic)/Joseph (Christian), Adam/Adam, Dawood/David, Rumana/Romana, Maryam/Mary, Nuh/Noah, etc.
Name use by animals and plants
The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphins[13] and green-rumped parrotlets[14] also use symbolic names to address contact calls to specific individuals. Individual dolphins have distinctive signature whistles, to which they will respond even when there is no other information to clarify which dolphin is being referred to.
Named entities
In
From a historical perspective, the term Named Entity was coined during the MUC-6 evaluation campaign[15] and contained ENAMEX (entity name expressions e.g. persons, locations and organizations) and NUMEX (numerical expression).
A more formal definition can be derived from the rigid designator by Saul Kripke. In the expression "Named Entity", the word "Named" aims to restrict the possible set of entities to only those for which one or many rigid designators stands for the referent.[16] A designator is rigid when it designates the same thing in every possible world. On the contrary, flaccid designators may designate different things in different possible worlds.
As an example, consider the sentence, "Biden is the president of the United States". Both "Biden" and the "United States" are named entities since they refer to specific objects (Joe Biden and United States). However, "president" is not a named entity since it can be used to refer to many different objects in different worlds (in different presidential periods referring to different persons, or even in different countries or organizations referring to different people). Rigid designators usually include proper names as well as certain natural terms like biological species and substances.
There is also a general agreement in the
See also
- Chinese name
- Endonym and exonym - native name and non-native names
- Human names
- Legal name
- List of adjectival forms of place names
- Name calling – a form of verbal abuse
- Names of God
- Numeral (linguistics)
- Onomastics – the study of proper names
- Popular cat names
- Title (publishing)
References
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.; The asterisk before a word indicates that it is a hypothetical construction, not an attested form.
- ^ "personal name". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ^ a b "General words for names, and types of name". macmillandictionary.com. Macmillan Dictionary. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ^ a b Fabry, Merrill (16 August 2016). "Now You Know: Why Do We Have Middle Names?" (web article). Time.com. Time. Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ^ Room 1996, p. 6.
- ^ Barolini 2005, p. 91, 98.
- ISBN 0-14-019017-1
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, para 881: "The episcopal college and its head, the Pope" Archived 2010-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0415374200page 235
- ^ Baruch Hochman, Character in Literature (Cornell University Press, 1985), 37.
- ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Solomon". Behind the Name. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Solomon, the King". www.dawnbible.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Dolphins Name Themselves With Whistles, Study Says". National Geographic News. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006.
- from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ Grishman, Ralph; Sundheim, Beth (1996). Design of the MUC-6 evaluation (PDF). TIPSTER '96 Proceedings.
- ^ Nadeau, David; Sekine, Satoshi (2007). A survey of named entity recognition and classification (PDF). Lingvisticae Investigationes.
- ISBN 978-1-84821-838-3.
Sources
- Barolini, Teodolinda, ed. (2005). Medieval Constructions in Gender And Identity: Essays in Honor of Joan M. Ferrante. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. ISBN 9780866983372.
- Bruck, Gabriele vom; Bodenhorn, Barbara, eds. (2009) [2006]. An Anthropology of Names and Naming (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[permanent dead link]
- Fraser, Peter M. (2000). "Ethnics as Personal Names". Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 149–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- Roberts, Michael (2017). "The Semantics of Demonyms in English". The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 205–220. ISBN 978-0-19-873672-1.
- Room, Adrian (1996). An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810831698.
Further reading
- "Names" by Sam Cumming, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), a philosophical dissertation on the syntax and semantics of names
- S2CID 145136869.
- Matthews, Elaine; Hornblower, Simon; Fraser, Peter Marshall, Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Proceedings of the British Academy (104), ISBN 0-19-726216-3
- Name and Form – from Sacred Texts Buddhism
External links
- Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Oxford (over 35,000 published names)
- Behind The Name, The etymology of first names
- The Name Tradition In The Christian Culture
- Kate Monk's Onomastikon Names over the world throughout the history
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .