Name of Hungary

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Look up Hungary or magyar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Ob River
.

Hungary, the name in English for

exonym derived from the Medieval Latin Hungaria. The Latin name itself derives from the ethnonyms (H)ungarī, Ungrī, and Ugrī for the steppe people that conquered the land today known as Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries. Medieval authors denominated the Hungarians
as Hungaria, but the Hungarians even contemporarily denominate themselves Magyars and their homeland Magyarország.

Name of the Hungarians and Hungary

Endonym of the ethnic group and country

The Anglo-Saxon 'Cotton' world map (c. 1040) calls the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary: “Hunorum gens” = “Hun race”

Primary sources use several names for the Magyars/Hungarians.

al-Tartushi, for instance; and Turk, by sources like ibn Hayyan).[1][2][3] One of the earliest written mentions of "Magyar" endonym is from 810.[4]

The Hungarian endonym is Magyar, which is derived from

Muageris.[8] There are many hypotheses on the origin of this name. The accepted is that the first element Magy derives from Proto-Ugric *mäńć- ("man", "person"), which is also found in the name of the Mansi (mäńćī, mańśi, and måńś). The second element eri ("man", "men", and "lineage") survives in Hungarian férj ("husband") and is cognate with Mari erge ("son") and Finnish archaic yrkä ("young man").[9]

European exonyms for Hungarians and Hungary

In early medieval sources, in addition to the Hungarians, the exonym Ungri or Ugri referred to the

Khantys also.[10] It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt east of the Ural Mountains along the natural borders of Europe and Asia before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895–6.[11] The toponym Yugra or Iuhra referred to that territory from around the 12th century. Herodotus in the 5th century BC probably referred to ancestors of the Hungarians when he wrote of the Yugra people living west of the Ural Mountains.[12][dubious – discuss
]

In

Georgius Monachus in 837, Ungri in Annales Bertiniani of 862, and Ungari in Annales iuvavenses
of 881.

The ethnonym Ungri is the Latinized form of

Ogurs"), the collective name for the tribes which later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians probably belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is very possible that they became its ethnic majority.[14][15]

The Latin variant Ungarii used for them by

Theophylactus Simocatta
of the name "Hunnougour, descendants of the Hun hords".

The origin of the English ethnonym and country name

The English word "Hungary" is derived from Medieval Latin Hungaria.[16]

Hungarian sources

According to one view, following Anonymus's description, the Hungarian federation in the 9th century was called Hetumoger ("Seven Magyars"): VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur ("seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"[17]), though the Chronicler refers to "seven leading persons"[18] instead of a polity.[19]

Other sources

In Byzantine sources in Medieval Greek, the nation was denominated the "Western Tourkia".[20][21] Hasdai ibn Shaprut denominated the polity "the land of the Hungrin" ("the land of the Hungarians") in a letter to Joseph of the Khazars of c. 960.[22]

Natio Hungarica

The

burghers. The other important - and more numerous - component of Natio Hungarica was the noble members of the county assemblies in the county seats, Kingdom of Hungary had 72 counties, (regardless of the real ethnicity and mother tongue of the noblemen, clergymen and city bourgeoisie of the kingdom). Those who had no direct participation in the political life on national [parliamentary] or local [counties] level (like the common people of the cities, towns, or the peasantry of the villages) were not considered part of the Natio Hungarica. This old medieval origin convention was also adopted officially in the Treaty of Szatmár of 1711 and the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723; remained until 1848, when the privileges of the Hungarian nobility were abolished; and thereafter acquired a sense of ethnic nationalism.[24][25][26]

Pannonia

Pannonia is a

PIE root *pen- ("swamp" or "marsh"; cognate with English "fen"). The territory of the Pannonii in the Drava River Basin later formed the geographical center of the Province of "Pannonia" of the ancient Roman Empire
.

Later, the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary included that of former Pannonia, and Medieval Latin transferred the denomination of Pannonia to the territory of the Western parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Further, the King of Hungary was given the title of Rex Pannoniae ("King of Pannonia") and Rex Pannonicorum ("King of the Pannonians").

The name "Pannonian" comes from Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire. Only the western part of the territory (the so-called Transdanubia) of modern Hungary formed part of the ancient Roman Province of Pannonia; this comprises less than 29% of modern Hungary, therefore Hungarian geographers avoid the terms "Pannonian Basin" and "Pannonian Plain".

Modern era

The Latin Regnum Hungariae or Regnum Ungarie (Regnum meaning "kingdom"); Regnum Marianum (meaning "Kingdom of

Zipsers, and Hiänzs, in the 14th century. Königreich Ungarn was also used from 1849 to the 1860s. The Hungarian
Magyar Királyság was used in the 1840s and again from the 1860s to 1918.

The name of the Kingdom in other languages of its inhabitants was:

Serbo-Croatian: Kraljevina Ugarska / Краљевина Угарска, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, and Slovak
: Uhorské kráľovstvo.

The Italian Regno d'Ungheria ("Kingdom of Hungary") alone denominated the Free State of Fiume for its existence from 1920–24, the City of Fiume (contemporarily Rijeka, Croatia, but still denominated Fiume in Hungarian) of which the Free State was predominantly comprised having been within the territory of the Kingdom from 1776–1920.

In and during the

Crown of Saint Stephen
" officially denominated the Hungarian territory of Austria-Hungary, it having had prior use.

Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen

Further information: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and Lands of the Hungarian Crown

"Lands of the

Austro-Hungarian Empire.[27][28] The Latin neologism Archiregnum Hungaricum ("Arch-Kingdom of Hungary") sometimes denominates these Hungarian territories qua part of Austria-Hungary, pursuant to Medieval Latin
terminology.

Regnum Marianum

Regnum Marianum ("Kingdom of Mary") is a traditional

Blessed Virgin Mary as its symbolic sovereign. The name derives from the tradition that the first Hungarian king, King Saint Stephen I offered the Holy Crown of Hungary and the nation to her as he was dying, because he had no heirs to inherit it. Another traditional legend may also explain the honorary title: St. King Stephen I raised up the Holy Crown during his coronation in 1000/1 to offer it to the Nagyboldogasszony, the Blessed Virgin Mary, in order to seal a contract between her and the Holy Crown. After this, the Nagyboldogasszony was depicted not only as Patrona ("Patroness" saint) of the Kingdom but also as its Regina ("Queen"). This contract purportedly endows the Holy Crown with Divine power to assist the Hungarian Kings in ruling. The title is also part of the National Motto of Hungary: Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae ("Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary", Hungarian: Mária Királysága, Magyarország Védőnője).[29]

Regnum Marianum was often used to emphasize the predominant Roman Catholic Faith of Hungary. Some Hungarian religious communities also bear the name to express their intent to honor and imitate the life of St. Mary, including the Regnum Marianum Community, whose foundation in 1902 evidences the use of the phrase to denominate Hungary since at least that date.

References

  1. ^ a b Kristó 1996a, p. 229.
  2. ISBN 963-506-108-0. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2013-10-01.[page needed
    ]
  3. ISBN 978-90-04-21437-8
    .
  4. ISBN 9780230583474
    .
  5. ^ György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, The Magyars: the birth of a European nation, Corvina, 1989, p. 8
  6. ^ Alan W. Ertl, Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358
  7. ^ Z. J. Kosztolnyik, Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3
  8. ISBN 0-88033-503-3
    , Library of congress control number 2002112276
  9. ^ Sergei Starostin, Uralic etymology
  10. ^ The Linguist: Journal of the Institute of Linguists, Volumes 36–37, The Institute, 1997, p. 116
  11. OED
    , s. v. "Ugrian": "Ugri, the name given by early Russian writers to an Asiatic race dwelling east of the Ural Mountains".
  12. ^ Iván Boldizsár, The New Hungarian Quarterly, Issues 121–123, Lapkiadó Publishing House, 1991, p. 90
  13. ISBN 963-506-108-0. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2013-10-01.[page needed
    ]
  14. ^
    ISBN 963-506-108-0. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2013-10-01.[page needed
    ]
  15. ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5
    . Retrieved 2011-07-06.
  16. ^ Oxford Dictionaries
    Online Etymology Dictionary
  17. ^ Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63, Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99
  18. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians 2010, (chapter 1), p. 11.
  19. ^ Kristó 1996a, pp. 116–117.
  20. ^ Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History Archived 2016-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.
  21. ^ Carter V. Findley, The Turks in world history, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51
  22. ISBN 978-0814325612
  23. ^ "Transylvania - the Roots of Ethnic Conflict".
  24. ISBN 978-0-684-31359-7
  25. ISBN 978-4-938637-43-9
  26. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0
  27. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hungary" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 894–931.
  28. ^ Introduction to Constitution of Union between Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia
  29. ISBN 0-86516-422-3
    .

Secondary sources

See also
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_of_Hungary&oldid=1209044271"