Name of Italy
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The
One theory is that that the name derives from the word Italói, a term with which the
The name of Italy originally applied only to the tip of the Italian boot.
Hypothesis on etymology
The myth of Italus
The region, which is now called Italy, formerly held the Oenotrians; some time their king was Italus, and then they changed their name to Italics; succeeding Morgete, they were called Morgetes; later came a Siculus, who divided the peoples, who were then Morgeti and Sicels; and Italics were those who were Oenotrians
There are various legends about the character of Italus, king of the Oenotrians who, according to the myth, lived 16 generations before the Trojan War; the name "Italy" derives from him.[6] Given first to the region corresponding to his kingdom, that is almost all of Calabria with the exception of the northern area. King Italus converted the Oenotrians from a nomadic people to a permanent one, establishing them in the extreme offshoot of the European coasts, in the current isthmus of Catanzaro between the Gulf of Squillace to the east and the Gulf of Saint Euphemia to the west.[7] The capital of his kingdom, according to Strabo, was Pandosia Bruzia, today probably corresponding to the city of Acri.
According to Strabo, Antiochus of Syracuse (5th century BC) already spoke of the borders of Italy in his work On Italy,[8] which identified it with the ancient Oenotrians. At that time it extended from the Strait of Sicily to the Gulf of Taranto (to the east) and the Gulf of Posidonia (to the west).[9]
Italy as the land of calves
Not all ancient authors adhered to the mythological version. Marcus Terentius Varro who, citing Timaeus, derives the word Italia from calves ("Italia a Vitulis") for the abundance and beauty of the calf (Vitulus in Latin; Vitlu in Osco-Umbrian) in the region.[10] The passage from the Vitalia form to Italia can in this case be explained by the simple fall of the initial consonant by means of classical Greek, in which the letter V is absent.[11]
Other proposals that motivate the name beyond a real linguistic analysis can be remembered that of Domenico Romanelli, who, based on the ancient but never fully accepted hypothesis that it was related to the bulls (taurus in Latin), explained it with the fact that those who came from the sea from the west saw bull-like silhouettes in the Bruttia and Japigia peninsulas.[12]
In ancient times the lands of present-day
The similarity with the name "Italy" of the last toponym, "Itala", is evident. Danish archaeologist and philologist Frederik Poulsen, in a study on the origin of the name "Italia", claimed that it was used for the first time in the 5th century BC, precisely with reference to the territory south of Messina where Itala is situated and where a population of the Oenotrians lived, which had a bull as its emblem ("Vitulus").[14] With the arrival of the ancient Greeks, the consonant V was eliminated from the word Vitulus, which disappeared in classical Greek, and only the word "Itulus" remained.[11]
From the Oenotrians, the populations of the Italics, Morgetes and Sicels would then be distinguished. Subsequently, according to Poulsen, the name "Italy" was extended to the whole peninsula.
Catch from the Oenotrians, formerly Oenotria: now, as it is famous, having taken the name of Italus, Italy is called
— Virgil, Aeneid III, 165
Poulsen's thesis, however, seems to be questioned by the fact that the oldest documentable toponymic form for Itala is that of Gitala, as shown by a donation diploma from Count Roger of 1093. The name would then undergo many variations over the centuries: Quitala, Gitalas, Gytalas, Kitala, Hitala and finally Itala.[15]
Greek origin
In
For some linguists who supported this theory, the name would be based on a hypothetical ancient Greek form such as Aἰθαλία (Aithalía) which in its initial part Aith- (typical of words referring to fire) would contain a reference to the volcanic dimension of the lands of the peninsula. This meaning would resist for example in the name of Etna, in ancient Greek "Aitna". This proposal had already been advanced by Gabriele Rosa, according to whom the first ancient Greeks who arrived in the peninsula would have called it precisely:[16]
Aιθαλια (Italy) volcanic, or flaming and sooty, for the same reason that the islands of Elba (Ilva), Lemnos and Chios, full of forges, said Aιθαλια
— Gabriele Rosa
Rosa, however, did not address and clarify the strictly linguistic arguments that had led him to such a solution, thus leaving his proposal in the pre-scientific dimension.[1]
It was mainly Silvestri who recovered this theory, assuming three ancient Greek or Proto-Greek bases ("Aitalía", "Eitalía", and "Etalía") in order to give scientific basis to the proposal. According to this theory, Italy would originally have meant "fiery land", "land of the fiery sunset" (or "land of the West"), or "smoking land".[17]
Etruscan origin
This theory is opposed by that which, with a solution that has authoritative precedents and yet little remembered in its most recent revival, proposes an Etruscan solution of the name of Italy;[18] it is a reconstruction that deems the "Greek" hypothesis inadmissible and implies conclusions symmetrically opposed to the latter, such as the fact that the name has spread from north to south.
Oscan origin
The ultimate etymology of the name is uncertain, in spite of numerous suggestions.[1] According to the most widely accepted explanation, Latin Italia[19] may derive from
Semitic origin
Another theory, rather contested, suggests that Italy derives from "Atalu", an Akkadian word (Semitic language like Phoenician) reconstructed by the scholar Giovanni Semerano, which would mean "land of sunset".[24]
Itamar Ben-Avi, the son of linguist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and the first modern native speaker of Hebrew, theorized that Italy derived from Hebrew — "I" ("אִי", "island"), "tal" ("טַל", "dew"), and "yam" ("יָם", "sea") — and that the name was pre-Latin and showed possible links between Etruscan and Hebrew cultures through the Mediterranean Sea.[25] Though this theory did not gain wide traction, it was also adopted by Zionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky.[26]
Conclusions
It can be observed that the notion of Italy is a dynamic and plural notion, in progress until the 3rd century BC. In fact, in the conception of Italy a
Evolution of the territory called "Italy"
Italia, the ancient name of the
According to
The ancient Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, but it was during the Roman Republic, in 264 BC, that the territory called "Italy" was extended to the Italian Peninsula south of the Arno and Rubicon rivers. The northern area of Cisalpine Gaul came in the Roman speher of influence in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and de facto part of Italy.[33] The borders of Roman Italy, Italia, are better established. Cato's Origines, the first work of history composed in Latin, described Italy as the entire peninsula south of the Alps.[34] According to Cato and several Roman authors, the Alps formed the "walls of Italy".[35] The north, however, being a province, remained de jure separated from Italy in administrative matters for a longer period of rime. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC by the triumvir Augustus, as planned by Julius Caesar, who had already extended Roman citizenship to all of Cisalpine Gaul in 49 BC.[36] The term "Italy" also included Liguria up to the Varo river and Istria up to Pola.[9] All its inhabitants were considered Italic and Roman.[9][37][38][39][40][41]
Under Emperor
The Latin term Italicus was used to describe "a man of Italy" as opposed to a provincial. For example, Pliny the Elder notably wrote in a letter Italicus es an provincialis? meaning "are you an Italian or a provincial?".[42] The adjective italianus, from which are derived the Italian (and also French and English) name of the
After the
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 978-88-95044-62-0.
- ^ a b "Quale è l'origine del nome Italia?" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Guillotining, M., History of Earliest Italy, trans. Ryle, M & Soper, K. in Jerome Lectures, Diciassettesima serie, p.50
- ^ a b "La riorganizzazione amministrativa dell'Italia. Costantino, Roma, il Senato e gli equilibri dell'Italia romana" (in Italian). Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Sicilia" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ "Italo, il mitico re che ha dato il nome all'Italia" (in Italian). 22 October 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ "Gli Itali in Calabria" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ Strabo, Geographica, VI, 1,4.
- ^ a b c Strabo, Geographica, V, 1,1.
- ^ "Bollettino di studi latini" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Perché l'Italia si chiama Italia? 7 possibili risposte" (in Italian). 31 December 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ Domenico Romanelli, Antica topografia istorica del Regno di Napoli, Napoli 1815
- ^ a b c "L'Italia è nata in Calabria. Ecco la teoria che lo confermerebbe?" (in Italian). 12 May 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ "Itala" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ISBN 978-88-7442-426-9.
- ^ Gabriele Rosa (1863). Le origini della civiltà in Europa (in Italian). Editori del Politecnico. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
- ^ D. Silvestri, “Per una etimologia del nome Italia”, AIΩN-linguistica 22, 2000
- ^ Massimo Pittau, “Il nome dell'Italia è probabilmente etrusco”, RION IX, 2003, 1
- ^ OLD, p. 974: "first syll. naturally short (cf. Quint. Inst. 1.5.18), and so scanned in Lucil.825, but in dactylic verse lengthened metri gratia."
- ^ J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997), 24.
- ^ ""Fucinus lacus" - Il primo prosciugamento" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ Giacomo Devoto, Gli antichi Italici, Vallecchi, 1931 (p. 116)
- ^ "Lo sapevi che ci sono varie ipotesi sull'origine del nome "Italia"?" (in Italian). 6 April 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ "Umberto Galimberti: All'origine delle parole. Giovanni Semerano" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ Ben-Avi, Itamar (16 October 1929). "דרך ימנו העברי". Do'ar ha-yom (דאר היום). p. 3. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ Kaplan, Eran (2005). The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and its Ideological Legacy. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 146, 204.
- ISBN 978-88-555-3153-5.
- ^ "The Origins of the Name 'Italy'". Arcaini.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
- ^ "History of Calabria - Passion For Italy". Passionforitaly.info. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
- ^ "+ nome +". Bellevacanze.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
- ^ "italian travel team Calabria - Italy Guide". YouTube. 2011-03-01. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
- ^ "Billboard image" (JPG). Procopiocaterina.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
- ISBN 978-3-11-054478-7.
- ISBN 978-3-11-054478-7.
- ISBN 978-0-19-815295-8.
- ^ Pallottino, M., History of Earliest Italy, trans. Ryle, M & Soper, K. in Jerome Lectures, Seventeenth Series, p. 50
- ISBN 9780198153009. Archived from the originalon 22 May 2020.
- ^ Long, George (1866). Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Cassius, Dio. Historia Romana. Vol. 41. 36.
- ^ Laffi, Umberto (1992). "La provincia della Gallia Cisalpina". Athenaeum (in Italian) (80): 5–23.
- ^ Aurigemma, Salvatore. "Gallia Cisalpina". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ^ Letters 9.23
- ^ ytaliiens (1265) TLFi Archived 29 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Italian) Italian "Comuni" Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine