Names of the Philippines
There have been several names of the
Present name
The present name of the Philippines was bestowed by the
Present name in other languages
The 1987 Constitution provides that Filipino and English be official languages of the Philippines. It does not contain a provision specifically designating an official name for the country; however, "Republic of the Philippines" is used consistently throughout its provisions (in English). Article XIV, section 8 of the Constitution also mandates that the constitution be also promulgated in Filipino but no such official Filipino version exists. "Republika ng Pilipinas" is the de facto name of the country used in Filipino. When standing alone in English, the country's name is always preceded by the article the.[7][8][9] However, the definite article ang does not precede the name in Filipino contexts.
The country has throughout its history been known as Filipinas. The earliest known use of Pilipinas in Tagalog was by the
At international meetings, only the English name usually appears to identify the Philippines (e.g., when there are meetings in the
Language | Short Form (Philippines) |
Transliteration | Long Form (Republic of the Philippines) |
Transliteration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans
|
Filippyne | Republiek van die Filippyne | ||
Albanian | Filipinet | Republika e Filipineve | ||
Amharic
|
ፊሊፒንስ | Filipins | ፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክ | Filipins Ripäblik |
Arabic
|
الفلبين | Al Filibīn | جمهورية الفلبين | Jumhūrīyyat Al Filibīn |
Armenian | Ֆիլիպիններ | Filipinner | Ֆիլիպիններում Հանրապետություն | Filippinerum Hanrapetut'yun |
Azerbaijani | Filippin | Filippin Respublikası | ||
Amharic
|
ፊሊፒንስ | Filipins | ፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክ | Filipins Ripäblik |
Basque | Filipinetan | Filipinetako Errepublikako | ||
Bambara | Filipine jamana na | Filipine jamana ka jamana | ||
Belarusian | Філіпіны | Filipiny | Рэспубліка Філіпіны | Respublika Filipiny |
Bengali | ফিলিপাইন | Filipain | ফিলিপাইন প্রজাতন্ত্র | Filipain Projatôntro |
Bulgarian | Филипини | Filipini | Република Филипини | Republika Filipini |
Cantonese
|
菲律賓 | Fēileuhtbān | 菲律賓共和國 | Fēileuhtbān Guhngwòhgwok |
Catalan | Filipines | República de les Filipines | ||
Croatian | Filipini | Republika Filipini | ||
Czech | Filipíny | Filipínská republika | ||
Danish | Filippinerne | Republikken Filippinerne | ||
Dutch | Filipijnen | Republiek der Filipijnen | ||
Estonian
|
Filipiinid | Filipiini Vabariik | ||
Finnish | Filippiinit | Filippiinien Tasavalta | ||
Fijian | Filipin | Matanitu Tugalala o Filipin | ||
French | Philippines | République des Philippines | ||
Georgian | ფილიპინები | P'ilipinebi | ფილიპინების რესპუბლიკა | P'ilipinebis respublika |
German | Philippinen | Republik der Philippinen | ||
Greek | Φιλιππίνες | Filippínes | Δημοκρατία των Φιλιππίνων | Di̱mokratía to̱n Filippíno̱n |
Haryanvi | फ़िलिपीण | Filippínn | फ़िलिपीण गणराज्य | Filippínn Gannrājya |
Hebrew | פיליפינים | Filipinim | הרפובליקה של הפיליפינים | Ha'republika shel ha'Filipinim |
Hindi
|
फ़िलीपीन्स | Filipīns | फ़िलीपींस गणराज्य | Filīpīns Gaṇarājya |
Hokkien | 菲律賓 呂宋 |
Hui-li̍p-pin Lū-sòng |
菲律賓共和國 | Hui-li̍p-pin kiōng-hô-kok |
Hungarian | Fülöp-szigetek | Fülöp-szigeteki Köztársaság | ||
Icelandic | Filippseyjar | Lýðveldið Filippseyjar | ||
Indonesian | Filipina | Republik Filipina | ||
Irish | Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha | Poblacht na nOileán Filipíneacha | ||
Italian | Filippine | Repubblica delle Filippine | ||
Japanese | フィリピン | Firipin | フィリピン共和国 | Firipin kyōwakoku |
Kazakh | Филиппиндер | Filippinder | Филиппин Республикасы | Filippin Respublikasy |
Khmer | ប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីន | Filippin | សាធារណរដ្ឋហ្វីលីពីន | Sathéaranakrâth Filippin |
Korean | 필리핀 | Pillipin | 필리핀 공화국 | Pillipin Gonghwaguk |
Kurdish | Filîpîn | Komara Filîpînan | ||
Lao | ຟີລິບປິນ | Filipin | ສາທາລະນະລັດຟີລິບປິນ | Sāthālanalat Filipin |
Latin
|
Philippinae | Respublica Philippinarum | ||
Latvian | Filipīnas | Filipīnu Republika | ||
Lithuanian | Filipinai | Filipinų Respublika | ||
Lojban | pilipinas | la pilipinas. zei gubyseltru | ||
Macedonian | Филипини | Filipini | Република Филипини | Republika Filipini |
Malaysian
|
Filipina | Republik Filipina | ||
Maltese | Filippini | Repubblika tal-Filippini | ||
Mandarin | 菲律宾 | Fēilǜbīn | 菲律宾共和国 | Fēilǜbīn Gònghéguó |
Marathi | फिलिपिन्स | Filipins | फिलिपिन्सचे प्रजासत्ताक | Filipinsce prajāsattāk |
Norwegian | Filippinene | Republikken Filippinene | ||
Persian | فیلیپین | Filipin | جمهوری فیلیپین | Jomhuri Filipin |
Polish | Filipiny | Republika Filipin | ||
Portuguese | Filipinas | República das Filipinas | ||
Romanian | Filipine | Republica Filipinelor | ||
Russian | Филиппины | Filipiny | Республика Филиппины | Respublika Filipiny |
Serbian | Филипини | Filipini | Република Филипини | Republika Filipini |
Sinhala | පිලිපීනය | Pilipinaya | පිලිපීනය ජනරජය | Pilipinaya Janarajaya |
Slovak | Filipíny | Filipínska Republika | ||
Slovene | Filipini | Republika Filipini | ||
Somali | Filibiin | Jamhuuriyada Filibiin | ||
Spanish | Filipinas | República de Filipinas | ||
Swahili | Ufilipino | Jamhuri ya Ufilipino | ||
Swedish | Filippinerna | Republiken Filippinerna | ||
Tamil | பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் | Pilippaiṉs | பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் குடியரசு | Pilippaiṉs kuṭiyaracu |
Thai | ฟิลิปปินส์ | Filippin | สาธารณรัฐฟิลิปปินส์ | Sāthāranarat Filippin |
Turkish | Filipinler | Filipinler Cumhuriyeti | ||
Turkmen | Filippinler | Filippinler Respublikasy | ||
Ukrainian | Філіпіни | Filippiny | Республіка Філіппіни | Respublika Filippiny |
Urdu
|
فلپائن | Filipāʾin | جمہوریہ فلپائن | Jamhūriya Filipāʾin |
Uzbek | Filippin | Filippin Respublikasi | ||
Vietnamese | Phi Luật Tân | Cộng hoà Phi Luật Tân | ||
Welsh | Philipinau | Gweriniaeth Ynysoedd y Philipinau |
Historical names
In addition to the Philippines, the archipelago of a country has historically had numerous other names:
- Panyupayana. Scholars and traders from the Indian subcontinent historically referred to the Philippines as Panyupayana, a term which emanated from the geopolitical orientation of the Indians, that started with the cosmological orientation. This is manifested by the Puranas and other Indian literature, such as Ramayana and Mahabharata,[15][16] which also has versions in the Philippines such as Maharadia Lawana.[17][18]
- Spanish to be the island of Mindoro.[5] This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines) that Ma-i was the Chinese local name of present-day Mindoro.[19] On the other hand, historians claimed that Ma-i was not an island, but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself,[20] which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD.[21]
- Ma-i consists of the 三洲 (Busuanga").[22]
- Aside from 三洲, Ma-i also consists of the islands of Pai-p'u-yen (巴布延,
- Liusung (呂宋, Hokkien POJ: Lū-sòng, Mandarin Pinyin: Lǚsòng) was the name ascribed by the Chinese to the present-day island of Luzon. It originated from the Tagalog word lusong, a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice. When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during the early 17th century, they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia, then Luzon.[24]
- Ma-i consists of the 三洲 (
- Las islas de San Lázaro (St. Lazarus' Islands). Named by
- Las islas de Poniente (Islands to the West). Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands.[25] However, various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area, but his chroniclers instead. The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe.[5] Conversely, the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente (Islands to the East) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in the late 1540s.[26]
- The Portuguese referred the whole island of ilhas Luções, or Luzones Islands.[26]
- Mindanao was formerly called ilhas de Liquíos Celebes because of the existence of Celebes Sea south of Mindanao.[26]
- Caesarea Caroli or Karoli was the name given by Villalobos or De la Torre to the island of Mindanao when they reached the sea near it in 1543. This was named after Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain).[27][28][29]
- The southern island of Viceroy of New Spain who commissioned Villalobos expedition to the Philippines.[2]
- Villalobos also named the Leyte as Tendaya.[30]
- The Portuguese referred the whole island of
- Pearl of the Orient/Pearl of the Orient Seas (Jesuit missionary Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751.[31] In his last poem Mi último adiós, Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name.[32] In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine national anthem, the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish.[33]
Mi último adiós, original Spanish (1896, first stanza)[32] | English translation[34] |
---|---|
Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida, |
Farewell, my adored Land, region of the sun caressed, |
"Lupang Hinirang", official Filipino lyrics (1958, rev. 1960s, first stanza)[33] |
Original Spanish lyrics[35] |
---|---|
Bayang magiliw, |
Tierra adorada, |
Uncertain names
- Maniolas. According to Fr. Francisco Colin in 1663, a Pedro A. Paterno. Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy's maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of "beautiful islands" in southeastern Far East.[26][37] However, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book, Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas (Notes for the Philippine Cartography).[38]
- Baroussai. Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy. Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao, thus, composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago.[39][40] Some scholars however have identified Baroussai with Barus in Sumatra.[41][42]
- conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands.[44] This notion was however, later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines' position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon's kingdom—the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm.[45]
- Tawalisi, was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta. He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China. According to the historical accounts of the explorer, he met Urduja, a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan. However, according to William Henry Scott, Tawilisi and its warrior-princess Urduja are "fabulous, fairy-tale, fiction".[46]
Proposals for renaming
It was during the Third Philippine Republic when the shortened name Philippines began to appear a name that was officially adopted.[when?][47]
Since the official naming of the country as the Philippine Islands under American colonial rule and even earlier as Filipinas &c. under Spanish colonial rule, the primary reason for the country's name-change has always been "to break away from colonialism".[48] A holistically government-backed name has yet to be determined,[49] although a pan-Malay word reflecting the nation's island identity has been proposed as more appropriate, or one related to the archipelago's pre-Hispanic excellence in sailing and boat-building.[50]
Proposed names
- Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Filipino nation, intended to be governed by the 1896–1897 Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic), although unrecognized by non-Tagalog Filipinos. The name drew flak because of connotations of regionalism. A historian claimed that Bonifacio's usage of "Katagalugan" was not meant to demean other ethnic groups as the word itself meant "people of the river", from the word "taga-ilog", which supposed to represent the ocean-faring ancestors of all Philippine ethnic groups.[51] This was later used by Macario Sakay for his 1902–1906 government that was suppressed by the Americans.[52][53]
- Kapatiran ("Brotherhood"), or its semi-equivalent Katipunan ("Assembly"/"Gathering").[54]
- Luzviminda. A .
- Mahárlika (populist president Rodrigo Duterte in February 2019,[63] but the name was dropped a month later.[64] The name change is still supported by the government, although a new name has yet to be determined.[64]
- Malaysia. Filipino politicians also suggested adopting the name for the country. A bill in the Senate was presented in 1962 to change the name of the Philippines to Malaysia, but leaders of the nationalist movement of the modern state would adopt the name while the bill was in Congress.[65]
- Rizalia. Named after Filipino patriot Simón Bolivar.[54]
- República Rizalina ("Rizaline Republic"). While exiled in Japan, former revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte proposed the name and had already drafted a constitution for this attempt at a revolutionary government. The term has been pushed by many pro-Rizal Filipinos, however, the term itself is criticized by many as Rizal was not in favor of Philippine independence during the Philippine revolution against Spain as he believed that the Philippines was "not yet ready" to be separated from "mother Spain".[67] However, historians agree through surfaced historical documents that Rizal "believed in the supreme right of revolution" but "did not think it timely in 1896, and considered the people and the country unprepared for it."[68]
See also
- List of Philippine provincial name etymologies
- List of Philippine city name etymologies
- Philippine name
- Catálogo alfabético de apellidos
- Juan de la Cruz
References
Citations
- ^ "History of the Philippines". 2009.
- ^ a b Halili 2008, p. 22
- ^ a b Scott 1994, p. 6
- ^ a b "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. 2009.
- ^ a b c d "The Islands to the West: How are Philippine towns named?". Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2005.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "Origin of the Name "Philippines"". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Zwier, Larry (November 29, 2011). "Using 'the' with the Names of Countries". Cambridge.org. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
- ^ Torrecampo, Rex Raymond (July 5, 2015). "Why Filipinos are Correct in Saying THE Philippines Instead of Philippines". lifesomundane.net. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
- ^ Purdue University Online Writing Lab. "How to Use Articles (a/an/the)". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
- ^ Richardson, Jim (2021). ""Kasaysayan; Pinag-kasundoan; Manga dakuilang kautusan," August 1892". Katipunan: Documents and Studies. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
- ISBN 978-971-0197-38-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 27, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ "Bye Pilipinas, hello Filipinas?".
- ^ "Filipinas 'di Pilipinas – Almario (Ituwid ang kasaysayan)". kwf.gov.ph. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ Santos, Bim (July 28, 2021). "Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino reverts to use of 'Pilipinas,' does away with 'Filipinas'". l!fe • The Philippine Star.
- ISBN 978-981-10-7316-8.
- ^ Joefe B. Santarita. “Panyupayana: The Philippines in Ancient India’s Geopolitical Orientation”. SEACOM Studies 2 (April 2015): 2
- ^ Francisco, Juan R. "Maharadia Lawana" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - JSTOR 42633135.
- ^ a b Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 160, Footnote 1
- ^ a b "National identity". Retrieved July 27, 2009.
- ^ Scott 1984, p. 150
- ^ Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 162, Footnote 1
- ^ Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 160, Footnote 3
- ^ Keat 2004, p. 798
- ^ a b c d "Names of the Philippines at different times in history". Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Duka 2004, p. 55
- ^ Cooley 1830, p. 244
- ^ Spate 1979, p. 98
- ^ "East Visayan History". Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
- ^ Tope 2002, p. 7
- ^ a b "Mi Ultimo Adiós by Dr José Rizal". Retrieved November 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
- Jose Rizal University. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
- ^ Palma, José (1912). Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías. Manila, Philippines: Liberería Manila Filatélica. (Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on March 31, 2010)
- Manila Standard Today. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ de Morga 2004, p. 298
- ^ Mojares 2006, pp. 174–175
- ^ Rizal: "Ptolemy also mentions... five Baroussai (Mindanao, Leite, Sebu, etc.)." See: https://archive.org/stream/historyofthephil07001gut/7phip10.txt
- ^ Makmak (February 10, 2011). "domingo: Name of the Philippines".
- ^ G. E. Gerini. "Researches on Ptolemy's geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago)". Asiatic Society Monographs. 1909. Royal Asiatic Society: 428–430.
- ISBN 9789971695743.
- ^ a b Sheehan 2008, p. 398
- ^ Mojares 2006, p. 85
- ^ Truxillo 2001, p. 82
- ISBN 971-10-0226-4, p.83
- ISBN 978-1-4220-0227-8. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
- ^ "Duterte Wants to Rename Philippines in Break from Colonial Past". Bloomberg.com. February 12, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ Romero, Alexis. "'Maharlika' dropped, but Duterte still wants Philippine name change". Philstar.com. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ "Would the Philippines by any other name sound as sweet?". South China Morning Post. February 17, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ "Should the Philippines be renamed? Historian weighs in". ABS-CBN News. June 13, 2017.
- ^ Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas 1996, pp. 3–12
- ^ Guerrero & Schumacher 1998, p. 95
- ^ a b c "Maharlika: AsianWeek". September 2, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
- ^ a b "Historian says 'Maharlika' as nobility a misconception". The Philippine Star.
- ISBN 978-971-542-568-1.
- ^ "Maharlika means noble? Not so, says historian". ABS-CBN News. February 12, 2019.
- ^ "Goodbye Philippines, hello 'Maharlika'? Duterte wants to rename country in break from colonial past". Bloomberg. February 12, 2019 – via The Straits Times.
- ^ "Palace says renaming Philippines to 'Maharlika' needs congressional action". The Philippine Star.
- ^ a b c "From Philippines to Maharlika? Referendum needed". The Philippine Star.
- ^ Tapnio, Kevyn (February 13, 2019). "What Does "Maharlika" Actually Mean?". SPOT. Summit Media.
- ^ "Miscellany Playing the Name Game". TIME. June 24, 2001.
- ^ Placidos, Dharel (February 11, 2019). "Duterte mulls changing name of the Philippines". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ a b Romero, Alexis. "'Maharlika' dropped, but Duterte still wants Philippine name change". The Philippine Star.
- ISBN 978-0-415-55130-4. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 13, 2014.
- ^ "National Commission for Culture and the Arts – A Filipino people with a strong sense of nationhood and deep respect for cultural diversity". Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
- ^ Rodis, Rodel (September 2, 2008). "'Maharlika' Reconsidered". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Did Rizal Favor the Revolution? A Criticism of the Valenzuela Memoirs". The Kahimyang Project. May 26, 2014.
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