Names of God
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There are various names of God, many of which enumerate the various
Exchange of names held sacred between different religious traditions is typically limited. Other elements of religious practice may be shared, especially when communities of different faiths are living in close proximity (for example, the use of
The attitude as to the transmission of the name in many cultures was surrounded by secrecy. In Judaism, the pronunciation of the name of God has always been guarded with great care. It is believed that, in ancient times, the sages communicated the pronunciation only once every seven years;[11] this system was challenged by more recent movements. The nature of a holy name can be described as either personal or attributive. In many cultures it is often difficult to distinguish between the personal and the attributive names of God, the two divisions necessarily shading into each other.[12]
Abrahamic and Abrahamic-inspired religions
Judaism
In the
Moses said to God, "Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them, 'The God of your fathers has sent me to you,' and they ask me, 'What is his name?' Then what shall I tell them?" God said to Moses, "I Am who I Am. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: 'I Am has sent me to you.'" God also said to Moses, "Say to the Israelites, 'The Lord, the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you.' This is my name forever, the name you shall call me from generation to generation".
In Exodus 6:3, when Moses first spoke with God, God said, "I used to appear to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not make myself known to them by my name YHWH."
YHWH (יהוה) is the proper name of God in Judaism. Neither vowels nor
Later commentaries additionally suggested that the true pronunciation of this name is composed entirely of vowels, such as the Greek Ιαουε.[14] However, this is put into question by the fact that vowels were only distinguished in the time-period by their very absence due to the lack of explicit vowels in the Hebrew script. The resulting substitute made from semivowels and glottals, known as the tetragrammaton, is not ordinarily permitted to be pronounced aloud, even in prayer. The prohibition on misuse (not use) of this name is the primary subject of the command not to take the name of the Lord in vain.
Instead of pronouncing YHWH during
Almost all
Christianity
In Christianity, the Old Testament reveals YHWH (יהוה; often vocalized with vowels as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah") as the personal name of God.[19][20] References, such as The New Encyclopædia Britannica, affirm the vocalization "Yahweh" by offering additional specifics to its (Christian) reconstruction out of Greek sources:
Early Christian writers, such as Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used a form like Yahweh, and claim that this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost. Other Greek transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh.[14]
The Hebrew personal name of God YHWH is rendered as "the LORD" in many translations of the Bible, with Elohim being rendered as "God"; certain translations of Scripture render the Tetragrammaton with Yahweh or Jehovah in particular places, with the latter vocalization being used in the
English Bible translations of the Greek New Testament render ho theos (Greek: Ο Θεός) as God and ho kurios (Greek: Ο Κύριος) as "the Lord", with the latter being the "Greek translation of the Hebrew OT name for God, Yahweh."[25]
; while in English the old Anglo-Saxon Messiah-rendering hæland (healer) was practically annihilated by the Latin Christ, some cognates such as heiland in Dutch and Afrikaans survive—also, in German, the word Heiland is sometimes used as reference to Jesus, e.g., in church chorals).In the Book of Revelation in the Christian New Testament, God, that is, Jesus is quoted as saying "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End". (cf. Rev. 1:8, 21:6, and 22:13)
Some
Mormonism
In Mormonism the name of God the Father is Elohim [29] and the name of Jesus in his pre-incarnate state was Jehovah.[30][31] Together, with the Holy Ghost they form the Godhead; God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.[32] Mormons typically refer to God as "Heavenly Father" or "Father in Heaven".[33]
Although Mormonism views the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as three distinct beings, they are one in purpose and God the Father (Elohim) is worshipped and given all glory through his Son, Jesus Christ (Jehovah). Despite the Godhead doctrine, which teaches that God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost are three separate, divine beings, many Mormons (mainstream
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God has only one distinctive name, represented in the Old Testament by the Tetragrammaton. In English, they prefer to use the form Jehovah.[35] According to Jehovah's Witnesses, the name Jehovah means "He causes to become".[36]
Scriptures frequently cited in support of the name include Isaiah 42:8: "I am Jehovah. That is my name", Psalms 83:18: "May people know that you, whose name is Jehovah, You alone are the Most High over all the earth", and Exodus 6:3: "And I used to appear to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as God Almighty, but with regard to my name Jehovah I did not make myself known to them."[37][38]
While opposers of the faith critique their use of the form "Jehovah", Jehovah's Witnesses still hold on to their belief that, despite having scholars prefer the "Yahweh" pronunciation, the name Jehovah adequately transmits the idea behind the meaning of God's name in English. While they do not discourage the use of the "Yahweh" pronunciation, they highly consider the long history of the name Jehovah in the English language and see that it sufficiently identifies God's divine persona.[39][40] This rationale is analogous to the widespread use of Jesus as the English translation of Yehoshua.
Islam
He is Allah, other than whom there is no deity, Knower of the unseen and the witnessed. He is the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. He is Allah, other than whom there is no deity, the Sovereign, the Pure, the Perfection, the Bestower of Faith, the Overseer, the Exalted in Might, the Compeller, the Superior. Exalted is Allah above whatever they associate with Him. He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner; to Him belong the best names. Whatever is in the heavens and earth is exalting Him. And He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise. (Translation of Qur'an: Chapter 59, Verses 22-24)
Sufism
In
"La ilaha illa Hu"
— Al Imran:18
Baháʼí Faith
The
Mandaeism
Mandaeans believe in one God called Hayyi Rabbi ('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God').[46] Other names for God used include Mare d'Rabuta ('Lord of Greatness'), Mana Rabba ('The Great Mind'), Melka d'Nhura ('King of Light') and Hayyi Qadmaiyi ('The First Life').[47]
Gnosticism
Indian religions
Hinduism
There are multiple names for God's various manifestations worshiped in Hinduism. Some of the common names for these deities in Hinduism are:
- Bhagavan (भगवान्) the most frequently used name for Lord in Hinduism. The equivalent term used for female deities is Bhagavati (भगवती).
- Brahman (ब्रह्मन्) is a theological concept espoused in Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, which is of neuter gender. The word Paramatman (परमात्मन्) popularly pronounced as Paramatma (परमात्मा) is also used synonymously with it. The word is used to denote the Supreme Divinity/Supreme Soul.
- Gita, Arjunais referred to as Manujeshvara which is a compound of the two words manuja, 'human' and Ishvara, thus the word means 'God of humans', i.e. 'king'). The term Parameshvara ('Supreme God') is used to refer to one's Ishta (chosen deity for personal veneration) in general terms. The feminine equivalents are Isvari (ईश्वरी) and Parameshvari (परमेश्वरी) used in case of female deities.
- Deva/Devata (देव/देवता) is the most commonly used suffix used for male deities in Hinduism. The feminine equivalent is Devi (देवी).
Additionally, most Hindu deities have a collection of 8/12/16/32/100/108/1000/1008 names exclusively dedicated to them known as Namavali.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Tamil Tradition
- அருமன் (Arumaṉ) - The most giving.
- உய்யன் (Uyyaṉ) - The most high.
- இறைவன் (Iṟaivaṉ) - The one above all.
- இயவுள் (Uyyaṉ) - who sets things in motion.
Arya Samaj
Jainism
Jainism rejects the idea of a creator deity responsible for the manifestation, creation, or maintenance of this universe. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents (soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion) have always existed. All the constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws and an immaterial entity like God cannot create a material entity like the universe. Jainism offers an elaborate cosmology, including heavenly beings (devas), but these beings are not viewed as creators; they are subject to suffering and change like all other living beings, and must eventually die.
Jains define godliness as the inherent quality of any soul characterizing infinite bliss, infinite power,
If godliness is defined as the state of having freed one's soul from karmas and the attainment of
Jainism does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment. The Tirthankara is a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment, but the struggle for enlightenment is one's own. Moral rewards and sufferings are not the work of a divine being, but a result of an innate moral order in the cosmos; a self-regulating mechanism whereby the individual reaps the fruits of his own actions through the workings of the karmas.
Jains believe that to attain enlightenment and ultimately liberation from all karmic bonding, one must practice the ethical principles not only in thought, but also in words (speech) and action. Such a practice through lifelong work towards oneself is called as observing the
Gods can be thus categorized into embodied gods also known as
Sikhism
There are multiple names for God in Sikhism. Some of the popular names for God in Sikhism are:
- Akal Purakh, meaning 'timeless being'.
- Ik Onkar, 'One Creator', found at the beginning of the Sikh Mul Mantar.
- Nirankar, meaning 'formless'.
- Satnam, meaning 'True Name'; some are of the opinion that this is a name for God in itself, others believe that this is an adjective used to describe the Gurmantar, Waheguru.
- Waheguru, meaning 'Wonderful Teacher bringing light to remove darkness'; this name is considered the greatest among Sikhs, and it is known as Gurmantar, 'the Guru's Word'. Waheguru is the only way to meet God.[citation needed]
- Dātā or Dātār, meaning 'the Giver'.
- Kartā or Kartār, meaning 'the Doer'.
- Diāl, meaning 'compassionate'.
- Kirpāl, meaning 'benevolent'.
In the Sikh scripture, both Hindu and Muslim names of the Supreme Being are also commonly employed, expressing different aspects of the divine Name. For instance, names like
God, according to Guru Nanak, is beyond full comprehension by humans; has an endless number of virtues; takes on innumerable forms, but is formless; and can be called by an infinite number of names thus "Your Names are so many, and Your Forms are endless. No one can tell how many Glorious Virtues You have."[49]
The word Allah (Punjabi: ਅਲਹੁ) is used 12 times in the Guru Granth Sahib (primary religious scripture) by Sheikh Farid. Guru Nanak Dev, Guru Arjan Dev and Bhagat Kabeer used the word 18 times.
Iranian religions
Yazidism
Yazidism knows only one eternal God, often named Xwedê.[50] According to some Yazidi hymns (known as Qewls), God has 1001 names.[51]
Zoroastrianism
In
African religions
!Kung
The supreme being in
Odinani
West African Vodun
Yoruba religion
The supreme creator in the
Zulu traditional religion
Unkulunkulu is the supreme creator in Zulu traditional religion. Unkulunkulu brought human beings and cattle from an area of reeds. He created everything, from land and water, to man and the animals. He is considered the first man as well as the parent of all Zulu. He taught the Zulu how to hunt, how to make fire, and how to grow food.[56] Zulu Christians also refer to the Abrahamic God as Unkulunkulu.
Native American religions
Anishinaabe
Gitche Manitou, also known as Gitchi Manitou, Kitchi Manitou, means "
See also
- Bhadrakalpika Sūtra c. 200-250 CE, which gives names of 1002 Buddhas
- Creator deity
- God
- Lists of deities
- List of goddesses
- Sahasranama
- Vishnu Sahasranāma
- The Nine Billion Names of God, a short story by Arthur C. Clarke
References
- ISBN 0-7546-0755-0.
- ^ Kopelman Foundation. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ISBN 0-268-00911-2
- ^ (PDF) Sacraments of the Incarnate Word: The Christological Form of the Summa theologiae C Wells, Etd.nd.edu
- ^ Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy, G. S. S. Sreenivasa Rao, Inter-faith dialogue and world community. Christian Literature Society for India (1991) "All these names of God are, of course, symbols. ... All names of the one God or the Absolute are symbols." p. 9
- ^ Peter C. Phan Being religious interreligiously: Asian perspectives on interfaith dialogue. 2004 p.102
- ISBN 0-8028-0505-1
- ISBN 9788183820752.
- ISBN 0-19-507664-8
- ISBN 0-226-38870-0
- ^ James Orr The International Standard Bible encyclopaedia Edition: —Item notes: v. 1—1959 1915 p. 1267
- ^ John S. Mbiti. Concepts of God in Africa. p.217, 1970
- ISBN 0807400556.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 12, 1998, Chicago, IL, article "Yahweh", p. 804.
- ISBN 978-1-5326-9384-7.
- ISBN 9789004288171.
- ISBN 9789024702039.
- ISBN 978-1274016911.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-88920-652-6.
The Old Testament contains various titles and surrogates for God, such as El Shaddai, El Elyon, Haqqadosh (The Holy One), and Adonai. In chapter three, consideration will be given to names ascribed to God in the patriarchal period. Gerhard von Rad reminds us that these names became secondary after the name YHWH had been known to Israel, for "these rudimentary names which derive from old traditions, and from the oldest of them, never had the function of extending the name so as to stand alongside the name Jahweh to serve as fuller forms of address; rather, they were occasionally made use of in place of the name Jahweh." In this respect YHWH stands in contrast to the principal deities of the Babylonians and the Egyptians. "Jahweh had only one name; Marduk had fifty with which his praises as victor over Tiamat were sung in hymns. Similarly, the Egyptian god Re is the god with many names.
- ^ "The Name of God in the Liturgy". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2008.
The directive notes that 'in recent years the practice has crept in pronouncing pronouncing the God of Israel's proper name,' known as the holy or divine tetragrammaton, written with four consonants, YHWH, in the Hebrew alphabet. In order to vocalize it, it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. 'Yahweh' or 'Jehovah').
- ^ ISBN 978-1-64508-304-7.
Shorter forms of Yahweh: The name Yahweh also appears in a shortened form, transliterated Jah (pronounced Yah) in the Revised Version and the American Standard Version, either in the text or footnote: " my song is Jah " ( Ex 15:2); "by Jah, his name" (Ps 68:4); "I shall not see Jah in Jah's land (Is 38:11). It is common also in such often untranslated compounds as hallelujah 'praise Jah' (Ps 135:3; 146:10, 148:14), and in proper names like Elijah, 'my God is Jah,' Adonijah, 'my Lord is Jah,' Isaiah, 'Jah has saved.'
- ISBN 978-1-60178-804-7.
- ISBN 0807400556.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ NASB (1995). "Preface to the New American Standard Bible". New American Standard Bible (Updated Edition). Anaheim, California: Foundation Publications (for the Lockman Foundation). Archived from the original on 2006-12-07.
There is yet another name which is particularly assigned to God as His special or proper name, that is, the four letters YHWH (Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah 42:8). This name has not been pronounced by the Jews because of reverence for the great sacredness of the divine name. Therefore, it has been consistently translated as LORD. The only exception to this translation of YHWH is when it occurs in immediate proximity to the word Lord, that is, Adonai. In that case it is regularly translated GOD in order to avoid confusion.
- ISBN 978-0-8308-1777-1.
Many of the uses of kyrios for God are in citations of the OT and in expressions derived from the OT (e.g., "angel of the Lord"), and in these passages the term functions as the Greek translation of the Hebrew OT name for God, Yahweh. For example, twenty-five of the uses of kyrios for God in Luke are in the first two chapters, where the phrasing is so heavily influenced by the OT. The third frequently used term for God is "Father" (patēr), doubtless the most familiar term for God in Christian tradition and also perhaps the most theologically significant title for God in the NT. Unlike the other terms for God already mentioned--without exception in the Synoptics, and with only a few exceptions in John--"Father" as a title for God appears only in the sayings attributed to Jesus (the Johannine exceptions are in editorial remarks by the Evangelist in 1:14, 18, a saying of Philip in 14:8 and the crowd's claim in 8:41).
- ^ Yeshua (ישוע, with vowel pointing יֵשׁוּעַ - yēšūă‘ in Hebrew) Strong's Yeshuwa
- ^ Ilan, Tal (2002). Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE-200 CE (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91). Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 129.
- ^ Stern, David (1992). Jewish New Testament Commentary. Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament Publications. pp. 4–5.
- ^ First Presidency and Council of the Twelve, 1916, "God the Father", compiled by Gordon Allred, p. 150
- ^ Moroni 10:34
- ^ Old Testament Institute Manual:Genesis to 2 Samuel—"Who is the God of the Old Testament?"
- ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 76:12-24". churchofjesuschrist.org.
- ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. "How can we come to know our Father in Heaven?". Mormon.org.
- ^ "Moroni 10:34". churchofjesuschrist.org.
- ^ Holden, A. (2002). Cavorting With the Devil: Jehovah's Witnesses Who Abandon Their Faith (PDF). Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK. p. Endnote [i]. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ "Appendix A4". New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. p. 1735.
- ISBN 0-415-26609-2.
- ^ Ringnes, Hege Kristin (2009). Søda, Helje Kringlebotn (ed.). Jehovas vitner—en flerfaglig studie (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 27.
- ^ "Does God Have a Name?". JW.org.
- ^ "What Knowing God's Name Involves". JW.org.
- ^ "Allah." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 472. . In
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5096-5.
- ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ISBN 0-933770-96-0 – via Google Books.
- ^ Nashmi, Yuhana (24 April 2013), "Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith", Mandaean Associations Union, retrieved 31 October 2021
- ^ Rudolf, K. (1978). Mandaeism. Leiden: Brill.
- ISBN 978-0199699308, page 228
- ^ Guru Granth Sahib p. 358
- ISBN 9780857720610.
- ISBN 9783828864887.
- ^ Antonio Panaino, The lists of names of Ahura Mazdā (Yašt I) and Vayu (Yašt XV), 2002, p. 20.
- ISBN 978-1-4129-3636-1.
- ^ a b DAYO, CHIEF (February 14, 2016). "YORUBA BELIEVE IN ONLY ONE GOD CALLED OLODUMARE".
- ^ Bewaji, John (1998). "Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief and the Theistic Problem of Evil" (PDF). African Studies Quarterly.
- ^ Leeming & Leeming 2009 - entry "Zulu Creation". Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Sources
- Brichto, Herbert Chanan (1998). The names of God: poetic readings in biblical beginnings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510965-1.
- Mbiti, John S. (1990). African religions & philosophy. London: Heinemann. pp. 34–36. ISBN 0-435-89591-5.
- Parrinder, Geoffrey (1975). Comparative religion. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-7301-9.
- Walter Henry Medhurst (1848). An inquiry into the proper mode of rendering the word God in translating the Sacred Scriptures into the Chinese language. Mission Press. p. 170.
- Edward Washburn Hopkins (1918). History of Religions. ISBN 1-4366-7119-1.
- van der Toorn, Karel (1995). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. New York: E.J. Brill. ISBN 0-8028-2491-9.
External links
- Bibliography on Divine Names in the Dead Sea Scrolls
- Education[ISKCON
- Do You Know the Origin of Name "Jehovah"?
- Ehyeh and YHWH—The Relationship Between the Divine Names in Exodus 3:14-15
- Hebrew Names of God
- Jehovah (Yahweh)
- Judeo Christian Biblical Names of God[permanent dead link]
- The 101 Names of God given by Meher Baba