Napoleon Chagnon

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Napoleon Chagnon
Born
Napoleon Alphonseau Chagnon

(1938-08-27)27 August 1938[1]
Died21 September 2019(2019-09-21) (aged 81)
Alma materUniversity of Michigan (B.A., M.A., PhD)
Known forReproductive theory of violence, ethnography of Yanomamö
Scientific career
Institutions
ThesisYanomamö Warfare, Social Organization and Marriage Alliances (1966)
Doctoral advisorLeslie White

Napoleon Alphonseau Chagnon (27 August 1938 – 21 September 2019) was an American

evolutionary approach to understand social behavior in terms of genetic relatedness. His work centered on the analysis of violence among tribal peoples, and, using socio-biological analyses, he advanced the argument that violence among the Yanomami is fueled by an evolutionary process in which successful warriors have more offspring. His 1967 ethnography Yanomamö: The Fierce People
became a bestseller and is frequently assigned in introductory anthropology courses.

Admirers described him as a pioneer of scientific anthropology. Chagnon was called the "most controversial anthropologist" in the United States in a

New York Times Magazine profile preceding the publication of Chagnon's most recent book, Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes—the Yanomamö and the Anthropologists, a memoir.[3]

Early life and education

Chagnon was born in

Michigan College of Mining and Technology in 1957, he transferred to the University of Michigan after his first year and there received a bachelor's degree in 1961, an M.A. in 1963, and a Ph.D. in 1966 under the tutelage of Leslie White.[5][4] Based on seventeen months of fieldwork begun in 1964, Chagnon's thesis examined the relationship between kinship and the social organization of Yanomamö villages.[6][4]

Career

Chagnon was best known for his long-term ethnographic

genealogies
of the residents of the villages that he visited, and from these he would analyze patterns of relatedness, marriage patterns, cooperation, and settlement pattern histories. The degree of kinship was seen by Chagnon as important for the forming of alliances in social interactions, including conflict.

Chagnon's methods of analysis are widely seen as having been influenced by sociobiology.[3][8] As Chagnon described it, Yanomamö society produced fierceness, because that behavior furthered male reproductive success. The genealogies showed that men who killed had more wives and children than men who did not kill.[3] At the level of the villages, the war-like populations expanded at the expense of their neighbors. Chagnon's positing of a link between reproductive success and violence cast doubt on the sociocultural perspective that cultures are constructed from human experience. An enduring controversy over Chagnon's work has been described as a microcosm of the conflict between biological and sociocultural anthropology.[3][9][10]

Chagnon's ethnography, Yanomamö: The Fierce People, was published in 1968 and ran to several editions, selling nearly a million copies,.[3] It is commonly used as a text in university-level introductory anthropology classes, making it one of the bestselling anthropological texts of all time.[11][12][13] Chagnon was also a pioneer in the field of visual anthropology. He collaborated with ethnographic filmmaker Tim Asch and produced a series of more than twenty ethnographic films documenting Yanomamö life. The ethnographic film The Ax Fight, showing a fight among two Yanomami groups and analyzing it as it relates to kinship networks, is considered a classic in ethnographic film making.[14]

In 2012 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.[2] Marshall Sahlins, who was a major critic of Chagnon, resigned from the academy, citing Chagnon's induction as one of the reasons he quit.[15]

On 21 September 2019, Chagnon died at the age of 81.[16][17]

Controversies

Darkness in El Dorado

In 2000, Patrick Tierney, in his book Darkness in El Dorado, accused Chagnon and his colleague James V. Neel of unethical behavior, such as, among other things, manipulating data, and of exacerbating a measles epidemic among the Yanomamö people.[18][19]

Most of the allegations made in Darkness in El Dorado were publicly rejected by the Provost's office of the University of Michigan in November 2000.[20] For example, the interviews upon which the book was based all came from members of the Salesians of Don Bosco, a congregation of the Catholic Church, which Chagnon had criticized and angered.[12]

The American Anthropological Association convened a task force in February 2001 to investigate some of the allegations made in Tierney's book. Their report, which was issued by the AAA in May 2002, held that Chagnon had both represented the Yanomamö in harmful ways and failed in some instances to obtain proper consent from both the government and the groups he studied. However, the Task Force stated that there was no support to the claim that Chagnon and Neel began a measles epidemic.[19] In June 2005, however, the AAA voted over two-to-one to rescind the acceptance of the 2002 report.[21]

Alice Dreger, an historian of medicine and science, concluded after a year's research that Tierney's claims were false and the American Anthropological Association was complicit and irresponsible in helping spread these falsehoods and not protecting "scholars from baseless and sensationalistic charges".[22]

The controversy is covered in the 2005 book Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn from It by anthropologist Robert Borofsky.[23]

Anthropological critiques of his work

Chagnon's work with the Yanomamö was widely criticized by other anthropologists.[3][24][25] Anthropologists critiqued both aspects of his research methods as well as the theoretical approach, and the interpretations and conclusions he drew from his data. Most controversial was his claim that Yanomamö society is particularly violent, and his claim that this feature of their culture is grounded in biological differences that are the result of natural selection.[3]

The anthropologist Brian Ferguson argued that Yanomamö culture is not particularly violent, and that the violence that does exist is largely a result of socio-political reconfigurations of their society under the influence of colonization.[26][27] Bruce Albert rejected the statistical basis for his claims that more violent Yanomamö men have more children.[28][29] Others questioned the ethics inherent in painting an ethnic group as violent savages, pointing out that Chagnon's depiction of the Yanomamö as such breaks with anthropology's traditional ethics of trying to describe foreign societies sympathetically, and argued that his depictions resulted in increased hostility and racism against the Yanomamö by settlers and colonists in the area.[30][31][3] Emily Eakin countered that Albert "cannot demonstrate a direct connection between Chagnon's writings and the government's Indian policy" and that the idea that scientists should suppress unflattering information about their subjects is troubling and supports the idea that nonviolence is a prerequisite for protecting the Yanomamö.[3]

The anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, one of Chagnon's graduate teachers,[32] criticized Chagnon's methods, pointing out that Chagnon acknowledged engaging in behavior that was disagreeable to his informants by not participating in food-sharing obligations.[15][25] Sahlins claimed that Chagnon's trade of steel weaponry for blood samples and genealogical information amounted to "participant-instigation" which encouraged economic competition and violence.[25] Lastly, Sahlins argued that Chagnon's publications, which contend that violent Yanomamö men are conferred with reproductive advantages, made false assumptions in designating killers and omit other variables that explain reproductive success.[25] In 2013, Sahlins resigned from the National Academy of Sciences, in part in protest of Chagnon's election to the body.[15][33][34] Other researchers of the Yanomamö such as Brian Ferguson argued that Chagnon himself contributed to escalating violence among the Yanomamö by offering machetes, axes, and shotguns to selected groups to elicit their cooperation.[26][27][24][35][23][3] Chagnon said that it was instead local Salesian priests who were supplying guns to the Yanomamö, who then used them to kill each other.[3]

In his autobiography, Chagnon stated that most criticisms of his work were based on a postmodern and antiscientific ideology that arose within anthropology, in which careful study of isolated tribes was replaced in many cases by explicit political advocacy that denied less pleasant aspects of the Yanomamö culture, such as warfare, domestic violence, and infanticide. Chagnon stated that much of his work has undermined the idea of the 'Noble savage' – a romanticized stereotype of indigenous people living in synchrony with nature and uncorrupted by modern civilization.[36] Chagnon also stated that his beliefs about sociobiology and kin selection were misinterpreted and misunderstood, similarly because of a rejection of scientific and biological explanations for culture within anthropology.[36]

As a result of the controversy and the alleged unethical practices with the Yanomami,[37] Chagnon was officially barred from studying the Yanomami and from reentering their country in Venezuela.[38][39]

Written works

Books

  • Chagnon, Napoleon A. (1968), Yanomamö: The Fierce People.
  • Chagnon, Napoleon A. (1974), Studying the Yanomamö, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Chagnon, Napoleon A. (1992), Yanomamo – The Last Days of Eden.
  • Chagnon, Napoleon A.; Cronk, Lee; Irons, William (2002), Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective.
  • Chagnon, Napoleon A. (2013). Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes – The Yanomamö and the Anthropologists. New York: Simon and Schuster. .

Book chapters

Journal articles

Film

Chagnon worked with ethnographic filmmaker Tim Asch to produce at least forty films on Yanomamo culture,[40] including The Feast (1969), Magical Death (1973) and The Ax Fight (1975). These films, especially The Ax Fight, are widely used in anthropological and visual culture curriculum and are considered to be among the most important ethnographic films ever produced.[41]

See also

  • Visual anthropology
  • The Trap (television documentary series)
    ; Chagnon features in The Trap, a BBC documentary.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Shavit 1992, p. 61.
  2. ^ a b "Napoleon Chagnon". Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Eakin 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Gabrielsen 2014.
  5. ^ McGee & Warms 2007, p. 247.
  6. ^ Chagnon 1966.
  7. ^ Silva 1988.
  8. ^ Gabrielson 2014.
  9. ^ Chagnon, Napoleon (19 August 2014). "Napoleon Chagnon: Blood is Their Argument". Edge (Interview). Interviewed by Steven Pinker; Richard Wrangham; Daniel C. Dennett; David Haig. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  10. ^ Laden, Greg (2 May 2013). "Are Anthropologists a Dangerous Tribe?". Slate. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  11. ^ King, Barbara J. (28 February 2013). "The Napoleon Chagnon Wars Flare Up Again in Anthropology : 13.7: Cosmos And Culture : NPR". NPR. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  12. ^ a b D'Antonio 2000.
  13. ^ "The Fierce Anthropologist | The New Yorker". The New Yorker. 2 October 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  14. ^ Chagnon & Bugos 1979.
  15. ^ a b c Sahlins 2013.
  16. ^ Horgan, John (27 September 2019). "My Regrets about Controversial Anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon (RIP)." Scientific American. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  17. ^ "Chagnon Funeral Home | Onaway, MI". m.chagnonfh.com. Retrieved 28 September 2019.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ Wilson, James (1 December 2000). "THE SAVAGE STATE". The Ecologist. 30 (9): 50.
  19. ^ a b "El Dorado Task Force Papers" (PDF). American Anthropological Association. 18 May 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  20. ^ "Statement from University of Michigan Provost Nancy Cantor on the book "Darkness in El Dorado"". Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
  21. ^ "AAA Rescinds Acceptance of the El Dorado Report". Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.
  22. ^ Dreger 2011.
  23. ^ a b Borofsky, R. (2005). Yanomami: The fierce controversy and what we can learn from it (Vol. 12). Univ of California Press.
  24. ^ a b Povinelli 2013.
  25. ^ a b c d Sahlins 2000.
  26. ^ a b Ferguson 1995.
  27. ^ a b Ferguson 2001.
  28. ^ Albert 1989.
  29. ^ Albert 1990.
  30. ^ Ramos, A. R. (1987). Reflecting on the Yanomami: Ethnographic Images and the Pursuit of the Exotic. Cultural Anthropology, 2(3), 284-304.
  31. ^ Nugent, S. (2003). The yanomami. The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and Dilemmas, 77.
  32. ^ Chagnon 2013, p. 338.
  33. ^ Golden, Serena (25 February 2013). "A Protest Resignation". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  34. ^ Wade, Nicholas (25 February 2013). "Discord Over Scholar's Tribal Research". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  35. ^ Lizot, J., & Dart, S. (1994). On warfare: an answer to NA Chagnon. American Ethnologist, 21(4), 845-862.
  36. ^ a b Chagnon 2013.
  37. S2CID 145417693. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  38. ^ Tierney, Patrick (1 October 2000). "The Fierce Anthropologist". The New Yorker. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  39. (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  40. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (11 October 1994). "Timothy Asch, 62, Professor Who Filmed Remote Societies". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  41. ^ Lewis 2004.

Bibliography

External links

Quotations related to Napoleon Chagnon at Wikiquote