Naples
Naples
| ||
---|---|---|
Comune di Napoli | ||
Nickname: Partenope | ||
ISTAT code 063049 | | |
Patron saint | Januarius | |
Saint day | 19 September | |
Website | comune |
Naples (/ˈneɪpəlz/ NAY-pəlz; Italian: Napoli [ˈnaːpoli] ⓘ; Neapolitan: Napule [ˈnɑːpələ])[a] is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy,[3] after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022.[4] Its province-level municipality is the third-most populous metropolitan city in Italy with a population of 3,115,320 residents,[5] and its metropolitan area stretches beyond the boundaries of the city wall for approximately 30 kilometres (20 miles).
Founded by Greeks in the
Naples served as the capital of the
Since the late 20th century, Naples has had significant economic growth, helped by the construction of the
Naples' historic city centre is the largest in Europe and has been designated as a UNESCO
History
Greek birth and Roman acquisition
Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period.[18] In the second millennium BC, a first Mycenaean settlement arose not far from the geographical position of the future city of Parthenope.[19]
Sailors from the Greek island of
The city grew rapidly due to the influence of the powerful Greek city-state of Syracuse,[23] and became an ally of the Roman Republic against Carthage. During the Samnite Wars, the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was captured by the Samnites;[24] however, the Romans soon captured the city from them and made it a Roman colony.[25] During the Punic Wars, the strong walls surrounding Neápolis repelled the invading forces of the Carthaginian general Hannibal.[25]
The Romans greatly respected Naples as a paragon of
It was during this period that
Duchy of Naples
Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Naples was captured by the Ostrogoths, a Germanic people, and incorporated into the Ostrogothic Kingdom.[27] However, Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire recaptured Naples in 536, after entering the city via an aqueduct.[28]
In 543, during the Gothic Wars, Totila briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths, but the Byzantines seized control of the area following the Battle of Mons Lactarius on the slopes of Vesuvius.[27] Naples was expected to keep in contact with the Exarchate of Ravenna, which was the centre of Byzantine power on the Italian Peninsula.[29]
After the exarchate fell, a Duchy of Naples was created. Although Naples' Greco-Roman culture endured, it eventually switched allegiance from Constantinople to Rome under Duke Stephen II, putting it under papal suzerainty by 763.[29]
The years between 818 and 832 saw tumultuous relations with the
The duchy was under the direct control of the Lombards for a brief period after the capture by Pandulf IV of the Principality of Capua, a long-term rival of Naples; however, this regime lasted only three years before the Greco-Roman-influenced dukes were reinstated.[30] By the 11th century, Naples had begun to employ Norman mercenaries to battle their rivals; Duke Sergius IV hired Rainulf Drengot to wage war on Capua for him.[33]
By 1137, the Normans had attained great influence in Italy, controlling previously independent principalities and duchies such as
As part of the Kingdom of Sicily
After a period of
The
Kingdom of Naples
In 1282, after the
Aragonese and Spanish
Sicily and Naples were separated since 1282, but remained dependencies of
Following the Spanish victory, Naples became part of the
By the 17th century, Naples had become Europe's second-largest city – second only to Paris – and the largest European Mediterranean city, with around 250,000 inhabitants.
In 1714, Spanish rule over Naples came to an end as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession; the Austrian Charles VI ruled the city from Vienna through viceroys of his own.[51] However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union, with the 1738 Treaty of Vienna recognising the two polities as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons.[52]
In 1755, the Duke of Noja commissioned an accurate topographic map of Naples, later known as the Map of the Duke of Noja, employing rigorous surveying accuracy and becoming an essential urban planning tool for Naples.
During the time of Ferdinand IV, the effects of the French Revolution were felt in Naples: Horatio Nelson, an ally of the Bourbons, arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against the French republicans. Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo, where he was protected by a British fleet.[53] However, Naples' lower class lazzaroni were strongly pious and royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war.[53]
Eventually, the Republicans conquered
Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years,
Independent Two Sicilies
The
Italian unification to the present day
After the
Public health conditions in certain areas of the city were poor, with twelve epidemics of
Naples was the
Special funding from the Italian government's Fund for the South was provided from 1950 to 1984, helping the Neapolitan economy to improve somewhat, with city landmarks such as the Piazza del Plebiscito being renovated.[63] However, high unemployment continues to affect Naples.
Italian media attributed the past city's
Naples hosted the sixth World Urban Forum in September 2012[71] and the 63rd International Astronautical Congress in October 2012.[72] In 2013, it was the host of the Universal Forum of Cultures and the host for the 2019 Summer Universiade.
Architecture
UNESCO World Heritage Site
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv |
Reference | 726 |
Inscription | 1995 (19th Session) |
Area | 1,021 ha |
Buffer zone | 1,350 ha |
Naples' 2,800-year history has left it with a wealth of historical buildings and monuments, from medieval castles to classical ruins, and a wide range of culturally and historically significant sites nearby, including the
The most prominent forms of architecture visible in present-day Naples are the
Naples is one of the most ancient cities in Europe, whose contemporary urban fabric preserves the elements of its long and eventful history. The rectangular grid layout of the ancient Greek foundation of Neapolis is still discernible. It has indeed continued to provide the layout for the present-day Historic Centre of Naples, one of the major Mediterranean port cities. From the Middle Ages to the 18th century, Naples was a focal point in terms of art and architecture, expressed in its ancient forts, the royal ensembles such as the Royal Palace of 1600, and the palaces and churches sponsored by the noble families.
— UNESCO's Criterion
Piazzas, palaces and castles
The main city square or
Naples is well known for its castles: The most ancient is
Castel Capuano was built in the 12th century by William I, the son of Roger II of Sicily, the first monarch of the Kingdom of Naples. It was expanded by Frederick II and became one of his royal palaces. The castle was the residence of many kings and queens throughout its history. In the 16th century, it became the Hall of Justice.[79]
Another Neapolitan castle is Castel Sant'Elmo, which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a star. Its strategic position overlooking the entire city made it a target of various invaders. During the uprising of Masaniello in 1647, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape the revolutionaries.[80]
The Carmine Castle, built in 1392 and highly modified in the 16th century by the Spanish, was demolished in 1906 to make room for the Via Marina, although two of the castle's towers remain as a monument. The Vigliena Fort, built in 1702, was destroyed in 1799 during the royalist war against the Parthenopean Republic and is now abandoned and in ruin.[81]
Museums
Naples is widely known for its wealth of historical museums. The
Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the
In front of the
Churches and other religious structures
Naples is the seat of the Archdiocese of Naples; there are hundreds of churches in the city.[76] The Cathedral of Naples is the city's premier place of worship; each year on 19 September, it hosts the longstanding Miracle of Saint Januarius, the city's patron saint.[84] During the miracle, which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to holy relics said to be of his body.[84] Below is a selective list of Naples' major churches, chapels, and monastery complexes:
- Certosa di San Martino
- Naples Cathedral
- San Francesco di Paola
- Gesù Nuovo
- Girolamini
- San Domenico Maggiore
- Santa Chiara
- San Paolo Maggiore
- Santa Maria della Sanità, Naples
- Santa Maria del Carmine
- Sant'Agostino alla Zecca
- Madre del Buon Consiglio
- Santa Maria Donna Regina Nuova
- San Lorenzo Maggiore
- Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia
- Santa Caterina a Formiello
- Santissima Annunziata Maggiore
- San Gregorio Armeno
- San Giovanni a Carbonara
- Santa Maria La Nova
- Sant'Anna dei Lombardi
- Sant'Eligio Maggiore
- Santa Restituta
- Sansevero Chapel
- San Pietro a Maiella
- San Gennaro extra Moenia
- San Ferdinando
- Pio Monte della Misericordia
- Santa Maria di Montesanto
- Sant'Antonio Abate
- Santa Caterina a Chiaia
- San Pietro Martire
- Hermitage of Camaldoli
- Archbishop's Palace
Other features
Aside from the Piazza del Plebiscito, Naples has two other major public squares: the
The San Gennaro dei Poveri is a Renaissance-era hospital for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667. It was the forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the Bourbon Hospice for the Poor started by Charles III. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Though a notable landmark, it is no longer a functioning hospital.[86]
Subterranean Naples
There are large
Several archaeological excavations are also present; they revealed in San Lorenzo Maggiore the macellum of Naples, and in Santa Chiara, the biggest thermal complex of the city in Roman times.
Parks, gardens, villas, fountains and stairways
Of the various public parks in Naples, the most prominent are the Villa Comunale, which was built by the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV in the 1780s;[87] the park was originally a "Royal Garden", reserved for members of the royal family, but open to the public on special holidays. The Bosco di Capodimonte, the city's largest green space, served as a royal hunting reserve. The Park has 16 additional historical buildings, including residences, lodges, churches, fountains, statues, orchards and woods.[88]
Another important park is the Parco Virgiliano, which looks towards the tiny volcanic islet of Nisida; beyond Nisida lie Procida and Ischia.[89] Parco Virgiliano was named after Virgil, the classical Roman poet and Latin writer who is thought to be entombed nearby.[89] Naples is noted for its numerous stately villas, fountains and stairways, such as the Neoclassical Villa Floridiana, the Fountain of Neptune and the Pedamentina stairway.
Neo-Gothic, Liberty Napoletano and modern architecture
Various buildings inspired by the
In the first years of the 20th century, a local version of the
Geography
The city is situated on the
Quarters
The thirty quarters (quartieri) of Naples are listed below. For administrative purposes, these thirty districts are grouped together into ten governmental community boards.[91]
1. Pianura |
11. Montecalvario Porto 15. Pendino 16. San Lorenzo 17. Mercato 18. Vicaria 19. Stella 20. San Carlo all'Arena |
21. Piscinola |
Climate
Naples has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) in the Köppen climate classification.[92][93] The climate and fertility of the Gulf of Naples made the region famous during Roman times, when emperors such as Claudius and Tiberius holidayed near the city.[25] Maritime features mitigate the winters but occasionally cause heavy rainfall, particularly in the autumn and winter. Summers feature high temperatures and humidity.
Winters are mild, and snow is rare in the city area but frequent on Mount Vesuvius. November is the wettest month in Naples, while July is the driest.
Climate data for Naples- above sea level.[94] )
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
37.4 (99.3) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
40.0 (104.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.8 (46.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 92.1 (3.63) |
95.3 (3.75) |
77.9 (3.07) |
98.6 (3.88) |
59.0 (2.32) |
32.8 (1.29) |
28.5 (1.12) |
35.5 (1.40) |
88.9 (3.50) |
135.5 (5.33) |
152.1 (5.99) |
112.0 (4.41) |
1,008.2 (39.69) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.3 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 6.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 6.1 | 8.5 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 86.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75 | 73 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 72 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 76 | 75 | 72 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 114.7 | 127.6 | 158.1 | 189.0 | 244.9 | 279.0 | 313.1 | 294.5 | 234.0 | 189.1 | 126.0 | 105.4 | 2,375.4 |
Source: Servizio Meteorologico[95] and NOAA (1961–1990, humidity)[96] |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14.6 °C (58.3 °F) | 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) | 14.2 °C (57.6 °F) | 15.6 °C (60.1 °F) | 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) | 23.6 °C (74.5 °F) | 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) | 26.0 °C (78.8 °F) | 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) | 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) | 19.2 °C (66.6 °F) | 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) | 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
800 | 50,000 | — |
1000 | 30,000 | −0.26% |
1300 | 60,000 | +0.23% |
1500 | 150,000 | +0.46% |
1600 | 275,000 | +0.61% |
1700 | 207,000 | −0.28% |
1861 | 484,026 | +0.53% |
1871 | 489,008 | +0.10% |
1881 | 535,206 | +0.91% |
1901 | 621,213 | +0.75% |
1911 | 751,290 | +1.92% |
1921 | 859,629 | +1.36% |
1931 | 831,781 | −0.33% |
1936 | 865,913 | +0.81% |
1951 | 1,010,550 | +1.04% |
1961 | 1,182,815 | +1.59% |
1971 | 1,226,594 | +0.36% |
1981 | 1,212,387 | −0.12% |
1991 | 1,067,365 | −1.27% |
2001 | 1,004,500 | −0.61% |
2011 | 962,003 | −0.43% |
2021 | 921,142 | −0.43% |
Sources: |
As of 2022[update], the population of the comune di Napoli totals around 910,000. Naples' wider metropolitan area, sometimes known as Greater Naples, has a population of approximately 4.4 million.[102] The demographic profile for the Neapolitan province in general is relatively young: 19% are under the age of 14, while 13% are over 65, compared to the national average of 14% and 19%, respectively.[102] Naples has a higher percentage of females (52.5%) than males (47.5%).[98] Naples currently has a higher birth rate than other parts of Italy, with 10.46 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.[103]
Naples's population rose from 621,000 in 1901 to 1,226,000 in 1971, declining to 910,000 in 2022 as city dwellers moved to the suburbs. According to different sources, Naples'
2017 largest resident foreign-born groups[107] | |
---|---|
Country of birth | Population |
Sri Lanka | 15,195 |
Ukraine | 8,590 |
China | 5,411 |
Pakistan | 2,703 |
Romania | 2,529 |
Philippines | 1,961 |
Bangladesh | 1,745 |
Poland | 1,346 |
Nigeria | 1,248 |
Algeria | 1,184 |
Dominican Republic | 1,091 |
In contrast to many northern Italian cities, there are relatively few foreign immigrants in Naples; 94.3% of the city's inhabitants are Italian nationals. In 2017, there were a total of 58,203 foreigners in the city of Naples; the majority of these are mostly from Sri Lanka, China, Ukraine, Pakistan and Romania.[107] Statistics show that, in the past, the vast majority of immigrants in Naples were female; this happened because male immigrants in Italy tended to head to the wealthier north.[102][108]
Education
Naples is noted for its numerous higher education institutes and research centres. Naples hosts what is thought to be the oldest state university in the world, in the form of the
Naples is also served by the
Other prominent universities in Naples include the
Politics
Governance
Each of the 7,904
Administrative subdivisions
Economy
Naples, within its administrative limits, is Italy's fourth-largest economy after
Naples is a major national, and international tourist destination, one of Italy's and Europe's top tourist cities.[123] Tourists began visiting Naples in the 18th century during the Grand Tour.
In the last decades, there has been a move away from a traditional agriculture-based economy in the province of Naples to one based on service industries. The service sector employs the majority of Neapolitans, although more than half of these are small enterprises with fewer than 20 workers; about 70 companies are said to be medium-sized with more than 200 workers, and about 15 have more than 500 workers.
Tourism
Naples is, with
The sector is constantly growing
Transport
Naples is served by several major motorways (
The city's main railway station is
The port of Naples runs several ferry, hydrofoil, and SWATH catamaran lines to Capri, Ischia and Sorrento, Salerno, Positano and Amalfi.[144] Services are also available to Sicily, Sardinia, Ponza and the Aeolian Islands.[144] The port serves over 6 million local passengers annually,[145] plus a further 1 million international cruise ship passengers.[146] A regional hydrofoil transport service, the "Metropolitana del Mare", runs annually from July to September, maintained by a consortium of shipowners and local administrations.[147]
The Naples International Airport is located in the suburb of San Pietro a Patierno. It is the largest airport in southern Italy, with around 250 national and international flights arriving or departing daily.[148]
The average commute with public transit in Naples on a weekday is 77 minutes. Nineteen per cent of public transit commuters ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 27 minutes, while 56% of riders wait for over 20 minutes. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7.1 km (4.4 mi), while 11% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[149]
Urban public transport
Naples has an extensive public transport network, including trams, buses and trolleybuses,[150] most of which are operated by the municipally owned company Azienda Napoletana Mobilità (ANM). Some suburban services are operated by AIR Campania.
The city furthermore operates the
There are also four funiculars in the city (operated by ANM): Centrale, Chiaia, Montesanto and Mergellina.[151] Four public elevators are in operation in the city: within the bridge of Chiaia, in via Acton, near the Sanità Bridge,[152] and in the Ventaglieri Park, accompanied by two public escalators.[153]
Culture
Art
Naples has long been a centre of art and architecture, dotted with Medieval-, Baroque- and Renaissance-era churches, castles and palaces. A critical factor in the development of the Neapolitan school of painting was Caravaggio's arrival in Naples in 1606. In the 18th century, Naples went through a period of neoclassicism, following the discovery of the remarkably intact Roman ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
The
Naples is also the home of the artistic tradition of
Cuisine
Naples is internationally famous for its cuisine and wine; it draws culinary influences from the numerous cultures which have inhabited it throughout its history, including the Greeks, Spanish and French. Neapolitan cuisine emerged as a distinct form in the 18th century. The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general populace.[154]
Naples is traditionally credited as the home of
Naples is well known for its sweet dishes, including colourful
Festivals
The cultural significance of Naples is often represented through a series of festivals held in the city. The following is a list of several festivals that take place in Naples (note: some festivals are not held on an annual basis).
- Festa di Piedigrotta ("Piedigrotta Festival") – A musical event typically held in September in memory of the famous Madonna of Piedigrotta. Throughout the month, a series of musical workshops, concerts, religious events and children's events are held to entertain the citizens of Naples and surrounding areas.[163]
- Pizzafest – As Naples is famous for being home to pizza, the city hosts an eleven-day festival dedicated to this iconic dish. This is a key event for Neapolitans and tourists alike, as various stations are open for tasting a wide range of true Neapolitan pizza. In addition to pizza tasting, a variety of entertainment shows are displayed.[164]
- Maggio dei Monumenti ("May of Monuments") – A cultural event where the city hosts a variety of special events dedicated to the birth of King Charles of Bourbon. It festival features art and music of the 18th century, and many buildings which may normally be closed throughout the year are opened for visitors to view.[165]
- Il Ritorno della festa di San Gennaro ("The Return of the Feast of San Gennaro") – An annual celebration and feast of faith held over three days, commemorating Saint Gennaro. Throughout the festival, parades, religious processions and musical entertainment are featured. An annual celebration is also held in "Little Italy" in Manhattan.[166][167]
Language
The Neapolitan language, considered to be a distinct language and mainly spoken in the city, is also found in the region of Campania and has been diffused into other areas of Southern Italy by Neapolitan migrants, and in many different places in the world. On 14 October 2008, a regional law was enacted by Campania which has the effect that the use of the Neapolitan language is protected.[168]
The term "Neapolitan language" is often used to describe the language of all of
Literature and philosophy
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Naples is one of the leading centres of
Later Neapolitan was replaced by Italian in the first half of the 16th century,
Jurisprudence studies were enhanced in Naples thanks to eminent personalities of jurists like Bernardo Tanucci, Gaetano Filangieri and Antonio Genovesi. In the 18th century Naples, together with Milan, became one of the most important sites from which the Enlightenment penetrated Italy. Poet and philosopher Giacomo Leopardi visited the city in 1837 and died there. His works influenced Francesco de Sanctis, who studied in Naples and eventually became Minister of Instruction during the Italian kingdom. De Sanctis was one of the first literary critics to discover, study and diffuse the poems and literary works of the great poet from Recanati.
Writer and journalist
In Naples'44, An Intelligence Officer in the Italian Labyrinth (London, Eland, 2002), the acclaimed British travel writer Norman Lewis records the lives of the Napolitean people following the liberation of the city from Nazi forces in 1943.Theatre
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Naples was one of the centres of the peninsula from which originated the modern theatre genre as nowadays intended, evolving from 16th century commedia dell'arte. The masked character of Pulcinella is a worldwide famous figure either as a theatrical character or puppetry character.
The music Opera genre of
The Neapolitan popular genre of sceneggiata is an important genre of modern folk theatre worldwide, dramatising common canon themes of thwarted love stories, comedies, tearjerker stories, commonly about honest people becoming camorra outlaws due to unfortunate events. The Sceneggiata became very popular amongst Neapolitans and eventually one of the best-known genres of Italian cinematography thanks to actors and singers like Mario Merola and Nino D'Angelo. Many writers and playwrights, such as Raffaele Viviani, wrote comedies and dramas for this genre. Actors and comedians like Eduardo Scarpetta and then his sons Eduardo De Filippo, Peppino De Filippo and Titina De Filippo contributed to making the Neapolitan theatre. Its comedies and tragedies, such as "Filumena Marturano" and "Napoli Milionaria", are well-known.
Music
Naples has played an important role in the history of Western European art music for more than four centuries.[173] The first music conservatories were established in the city under Spanish rule in the 16th century. The San Pietro a Majella music conservatory, founded in 1826 by Francesco I of Bourbon, continues to operate today as both a prestigious centre of musical education and a musical museum.
During the late Baroque period, Alessandro Scarlatti, the father of Domenico Scarlatti, established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of opera seria, which was a new development for its time.[174] Another form of opera originating in Naples is opera buffa, a style of comic opera strongly linked to Battista Pergolesi and Piccinni; later contributors to the genre included Rossini and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.[175] The Teatro di San Carlo, built in 1737, is the oldest working theatre in Europe, and remains the operatic centre of Naples.[176]
The earliest
A popular traditional dance in
A notable element of popular Neapolitan music is the
Cinema and television
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Naples has had a significant influence on
Naples was the location for several early Italian cinema masterpieces. Assunta Spina (1915) was a silent film adapted from a theatrical drama by Neapolitan writer Salvatore Di Giacomo. The film was directed by Neapolitan Gustavo Serena. Serena also starred in the 1912 film Romeo and Juliet.[187][188][189]
A list of some well-known films that take place (fully or partially) in Naples includes:[190]
- Shoeshine (1946), directed by Neapolitan, Vittorio De Sica
- Hands over the City (1963), directed by Neapolitan, Francesco Rosi
- Journey to Italy (1954), directed by Roberto Rossellini
- Marriage Italian Style (1964), directed by Neapolitan, Vittorio De Sica
- It Started in Naples (1960), Directed by Melville Shavelson
- The Hand of God (2021), Directed by Paolo Sorrentino
Naples is home to one of the first Italian colour films, Toto in Color (1952), starring Totò (Antonio de Curtis), a famous comedic actor born in Naples.[191]
Some notable comedies set in Naples include Ieri, Oggi e Domani (
More modern Neapolitan films include Ricomincio da tre, which depicts the misadventures of a young emigrant in the late 20th century. The 2008 film Gomorrah, based on the book by Roberto Saviano, explores the dark underbelly of the city of Naples through five intertwining stories about the powerful Neapolitan crime syndicate, as well as the TV series of the same name.
Several episodes of the animated series
The Japanese series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure's Part 5, Vento Aureo, takes place in the city.
Naples has appeared in episodes of TV serials such as The Sopranos and the 1998 version of The Count of Monte Cristo, starring Gérard Depardieu.
Sports
Some of the city's smaller clubs include
Tailoring
Neapolitan tailoring was born as an attempt to loosen up the stiffness of English tailoring, which did not suit the Neapolitan lifestyle.[196]
Characteristics of Neapolitan tailoring:
- The Shoulders: the Neapolitan jacket has no shoulder padding. Neapolitan tailors removed the shoulder padding from their jackets to provide more movement freedom. For this reason, the Neapolitan shoulder on informal jackets is sewn like a shirt sleeve (Italian: spalla a camicia), and it follows the natural curve of the human body rather than giving it shape. This type of sleeve is cut about 10 cm larger than the armhole, and it can be finished with the repecchia – that shirring the tailor creates with the extra fabric. This little flair is known as manica a mappina and gives the jacket a "rugged" appearance. For formal occasions, the Neapolitan shoulder features a rollino – a little roll of padding that raises the sleeve head to drape more cleanly.
- The Sleeves: the Neapolitan sleeve is shorter than that found on other jackets, as Neapolitans like shirt cuffs to show right above their wrists, especially when adorned with cuff-links. The sleeves are cut closer to the arms to avoid extra fabric hanging when these are raised.
- The Pockets: the pockets of a Neapolitan jackets are curved and applied as patches; the breast pocket is called a barchetta, which means "little boat",[197] due to the higher top corner of the pocket, which, along with the rounded bottom, gives it the shape of a stylized boat. The side pockets are equally curved, and their shape recalls that of a pot; hence the name a pignata. Neither feature has any practical functionality, but they are particular to Neapolitan tailoring and contribute to the look of a jacket made in Naples. Double-hand finished stitching may also run throughout the sides of the patch pockets – a recurring feature in informal Neapolitan tailoring.
- The Lining: lining is considered an unnecessary burden, and the Neapolitan tailors keep it as minimal as possible. Usually, the jacket is unlined or only half lined; even the sleeves are entirely unlined, as they're meant to fit closely. Additionally, the lining is often left open (volante, literally "flying") so that people can admire the fine details and construction of the jacket.
- The Lapels: Neapolitan jackets are famous for their wide lapels, which are often peaked (a punta) for double-breasted jackets, formal jackets, and coats. The risvolto dentellato (the "classic" style of lapels – not peaked) is wider in Neapolitan jackets: they can be as wide as 4 inches (compared to the 3 inches of a regular lapel width). Just as is the case for the pockets, the Neapolitan lapel features double stitching running along the sides – a peculiar detail of a Neapolitan creation – although reserved for the less formal pieces. The scollo a martiello (literally "hammer neck") is the opening of the jacket over the shirt, which in Neapolitan tailoring is parallel to the lapels. The cran is the space that separates the lapel and the neck, and it is usually higher in Neapolitan tailoring to create the illusion of a more slender figure.
- The Body: Neapolitan jackets tend to be shorter in the back; in Neapolitan dialect, they say the jacket zompa arrèto, which roughly translates as "it jumps in the back". This characteristic allows the jacket to "slide" gracefully along the body. The vents on the sides are pretty deep in Neapolitan jackets – up to 12 inches. The darts in the front goes all the way down to help the fabric follow the shape of the body and create elegant quarters.
- Buttons and Buttonholes: the three-roll-two construction features a lapel that hides the third button to provide extra freedom of movement thanks to a longer opening in the front. The buttonhole on the lapel is called occhiello in Italian, and it means "little eye" to its elongated almond shape. There isn't a tradition for a specific type of buttonhole in Naples, but there is a tendency of Neapolitan tailors to prefer slightly shorter and thicker buttonholes that resemble those of a shirt, while "regular" buttonholes of English tradition are more elongated and slender. Some tailors add a slight teardrop shape at the end of the buttonhole, an aesthetic choice that does not refer to a particular tradition. The buttons on the sleeves are always working and overlapping buttons.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Naples is
- Gafsa, Tunisia
- Kragujevac, Serbia
- Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Athens, Greece
- Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Santiago de Cuba Province, Cuba
- Nosy Be, Madagascar
- Nablus, Palestine
- Limerick, Ireland
- Sassari, Italy
- Sulaymaniyah, Iraq[199]
Partnerships
See also
Notes
- romanized: Neápolis, lit.'new city'.
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- ^ اعلام خواهرخواندگی سلیمانیه عراق و ناپل ایتالیا Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Kurdpress (Persian), 30 April 2013.
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Bibliography
- Acton, Harold (1956). The Bourbons of Naples (1734–1825). London: Methuen.
- Acton, Harold (1961). The Last Bourbons of Naples (1825–1861). London: Methuen.
- Buttler, Michael; Harling, Kate (March 2008). Paul Mitchell (ed.). Naples (Third ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom: ISBN 978-0-7495-5248-0. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- Chaney, Edward (2000). "Inigo Jones in Naples" in The Evolution of the Grand Tour. London: Routledge.
- De Grand, Alexander J. (2001). The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882–1922, Wesport/London: Praeger, ISBN 0-275-96874-X
- Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39518-6.
- Snowden, Frank M. (1995) Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884–1911, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-48310-7
External links
- Official website (in Italian)