Narentines
Pagania of the Narentines | |||||||
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9th century–11th century | |||||||
Conquered by Venetians | 11th century | ||||||
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Today part of | Croatia |
The Narentines were a South Slavic[1] tribe that occupied an area of southern Dalmatia centered at the river Neretva (Narenta), active in the 9th and 10th centuries, noted as pirates on the Adriatic. Named Narentani in Venetian sources, Greek sources call them Paganoi, "pagans", as they were for long pagan, in a time when neighbouring tribes were Christianized. The tribe were fierce enemies of the Republic of Venice, having attacked Venetian merchants and clergy passing on the Adriatic, and even raided close to Venice itself, as well as defeated the doge several times. Venetian–Narentine peace treaties did not last long, as the Narentines quickly returned to piracy. They were finally defeated in a Venetian crackdown at the turn of the 10th century and disappeared from sources by the 11th century.
Terminology
The word Narentine is a
Geography and economy
In DAI's chapters Story of the province of Dalmatia and Of the Pagani, also called Arentani, and of the country they now dwell in, the geography of Pagania is described. Pagania had the counties (
History
The
The first conflicts between the Venetians and Narentines came immediately before 830, around which time the first peace agreement was signed between the two (the Venetian Doge and Sclavorum de insula Narrentis).[12] Narentine Slavs sent envoys to Doge Giovanni I Participazio (r. 829–836).[13] P. Skok believes this period also being the first contact between Venice and the middle Dalmatian islands.[12] According to Šafárik (1795–1861), by the beginning of the 9th century their power had increased so much that Doge Giovanni I attacked them and then offered them peace.[14] The Republic of Venice was de facto subordinate the Byzantine Empire, a period in which Venice expanded its trade relations towards the East.[15] In the first half of the 9th century Byzantium was struck by internal unrest, while the Bulgars and Arabs strengthened themselves thanks to this.[16] Arabs took Crete in 825, Palermo in 831, Taranto in 839, then after destroying the Venetian navy by 840, they roamed freely in the Adriatic.[16] In 841 Arabic ships attacked Adriatic cities and reached a confluence of the Padua river, while smaller contingents attacked Budva, Roza and Lower Kotor.[16] In 842 the Arabs conquered Bari, and in 846 reached Rome itself.[16] The Venetian navy, obliged to defend the Byzantine Adriatic, were occupied almost fully with battles with the Arabs.[16] The Byzantine navy rarely appeared, and with small numbers of ships.[16] This, and Arab harassment, gave the Slavic pirates around the Neretva upswing to develop their ship capabilities.[16] When the Venetian navy was in Sicilian waters as guards in 827–828, the Narentines received momentum; when the Venetian navy returned, they calmed down.[16] Venetian chronicles speak of a Narentine leader having been baptized in Venice, for greater security for the latter; however, the Narentines are unsteady and deceptive as their sea; as soon as events in Venice or the Adriatic worsen, the Narentines continued their piracy.[16] One of their attacks in 834–835, when they robbed and killed some Venetian merchants returning from Benevento, caused great resentment against them in Venice.[16]
In order to stop these assaults, the Venetians undertook a large expedition against the Dalmatian Slavic pirates in 839.
The arrival of
In 880 the Venetian–Frankish treaty was renewed.[26] In 887 Doge Pietro I Candiano sent troops against the Narentine Slavs, landing at the "Slavic Hill" (mons Sclavorum), putting the Slavs to flight.[13] The Narentines were defeated in a battle in August 887 at Makarska, and their five ships were destroyed with axes.[26] With help from neighbours, the Narentines decisively defeated the Venetian navy on 18 September 887, with the Doge killed in action and his body left laying (Andrea Tribun later secretly took the body to Venice).[26] From this time until 948 the Venetian chronicles do not mention conflicts with the Croats, which would mean that the Venetians offered peace and paid tribute to the Croats.[26]
Pagania was by the reign of Serbian ruler
In 997, the Narentines increased raids against Latin and Venetian towns, and they had close ties with Croat ruler Svetoslav Suronja, who at the time fought his two brothers over the throne; this relation caused the Latin Dalmatian towns and Venice to turn against Svetoslav.[31] In 998, the Republic of Venice, under the Byzantine Emperor, exerted control over the Byzantine Dalmatian towns; Dalmatian Croatia was in civil war; the Narentines were semi-independent, raiding the Adriatic, particularly against Venice.[32] As Venice gained authority in Dalmatia, some Dalmatian towns that felt threatened allied with the Narentines.[32] The Venetians then interved and defeated the Narentines and their Croatian allies decisively on sea, resulting in Narentine power decline.[32] The Neretljani principality in the 11th century was part of the Croatian Kingdom.[33]
On 9 May 1000, Venetian Doge
Dux Marianorum
In the historical sources there exist a title of iudex and rex of Marianorum and Morsticus. There is no consensus in historiography whether they represent nobles of Narentines or nobles of Croatian Kingdom. Croatian historian Miho Barada was influential for the emergence of the idea of Mariani as the third name for the Narentines and identifying people with these titles to the Narentines. However, the identification is very problematic, and modern historiography argues that they were also one of the local titles of dukes who served the king of Croatia.[35][36][37][38][39][40] If they were titles of an independent ruler, for example in the case of rex Berigoj, then Narentines only from 1050 became part of the Kingdom of Croatia.[41]
The recorded personalities are iudex Marianorum Drosaico (Družak) in 839 by Venetian chronicler John the Deacon (1008) records a renewal of Venetian–Narentine peace treaty signed by Drosaico (Ad Narrantanas insulas cum Drosaico, Marianorum iudice, similiter fedus instituit);[35][36][42] iudex Marianorum and rex Marioanourm Berigoj from a 1050 charter by priest Ivan from Split giving himself and church of St. Sylvester on island Biševo to the Benedictine monastery of St Mary of Tremiti;[35][43][5][44] dux Marianorum and morsticus Jacobum (Jakov) from Split in the escort of Croatian king Demetrius Zvonimir and Stephen II of Croatia per three sources and Supetar Cartulary;[36][38][41] dux Marianorum and Morsticus Rusin during the reign of Demetrius Zvonimir and early 1090s per Supetar Cartulary;[35][39][40][41] rex of Croatia Slavac, brother of Rusin with ban Petar in 1090 per Supetar Cartulary.[35][41][45]
Legacy
There is a historical festival called matrimonio in Venice commemorating the victory over the Narentines,[46] held on Candlemas.[47]
Historiography
The question of the ethnic designation of the tribe, whether it, apart from being Slavic, was to be described as Serb or Croat, is often found in historiography.
In the 19th century, historian
In modern historiography, Romanian-American historian Florin Curta agreed with those historians who "rightly interpreted as an indication that in the mid-tenth century the coastal zhupanias were under the control of the Serbian zhupan Časlav, who ruled over the regions in the interior and extended his power westwards across the mountains to the coast".[62] Serbian historian Tibor Živković also considered it a reflection of the political situation in the 10th century,[63] that there's no certainty the Narentines and others were Serbs or Croats or separate tribes which arrived with Serbs or Croats to the Balkans,[63] and that these ethnic identities are the result of political rather than ethnic development related to respective principalities.[64] He also noted that "it was stated in the DAI that the Serbs had been baptized much earlier, and therefore, the Pagans could not have belonged to the Serb tribe. There is information in chapter 32, that the Serbs controlled Pagania in ca. 895, during the rule of the Archon Peter, and from this political situation Constantine would have been able to write that the Pagans belonged to the Serbian tribe."[65] Croatian historian Neven Budak also holds that remarks regarding the Narentines were related to the political situation at the time and that the dispute between Croatian and Serbian historiographies regarding Narentines ethnicity is pointless.[66][67][68] Budak wrote that the Narentines were "undoubtedly a distinct ethnic group", who "disappeared as a separate ethnicity when their principality was joined into Croatia".[69] According to Croatian historian Hrvoje Gračanin both the account about the settlement of Croats in Pannonia and Serbs in Pagania and near principalities in DAI do not reflect Croatian or Serbian ethnic origin but rather a political rule during the 9th and 10th century.[70] In a similar fashion Croatian historian Ivo Goldstein asserted that the Narentines "could not be regarded neither Serbs nor Croats", but should be considered as part of Croatian history.[71] In Serbian (e.g. Sima Ćirković), and partly Croatian historiography, they are often considered as Serbs or Croats and their polity as part of medieval Serbian or Croatian state, but such a consideration is not taking into account the "complexity of multi-layered identities" by which "the Slavic population differentiated into more than two ethnogenetic nuclei".[72] Croatian historian Mladen Ančić recently argued in his critical analysis of historical sources that Narentines/Paganians and Narentia/Pagania did not exist as a separate people and polity with such a name, they were called Humljani and Hum was located West of river Neretva, while East of it was Zachlumia ("behind Hum").[73]
In the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, a work written by a Catholic bishop likely for a Croatian ruler in ca. 1300–10,[74] the southern Dalmatian principalities are referred to as part of "Red Croatia".[5] While later parts of the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja are considered of high value, events described in the early Middle Ages are largely discredited in historiography.[75]
See also
References
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 306.
- ^ Ančić 2011b, p. 255.
- ^ Živković 2012b, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Moravcsik 1967, pp. 152, 164–165.
- ^ a b c Fine 2006, p. 62.
- ^ Fine 2006, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d Moravcsik 1967, p. 145.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Institut za hrvatsku povijest 1974, p. 29.
- ^ a b Moravcsik 1967, p. 165.
- ^ a b c d e Evans 2007, p. 363.
- ^ a b Ćorović 2001, ch. "Prva srpska država"; Narayan 2009, p. 3
- ^ a b Filozofski fakultet 1964, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Fine 2006, p. 37.
- ^ a b Kostić 1963, p. 23.
- ^ Šišić 1990, p. 321.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ćorović 2001, ch. "Prva srpska država"
- ^ a b c Šišić 1990, p. 328.
- ^ a b Klaić 1972, p. 73.
- ^ Klaić 1971, p. 217.
- ^ Fine 2006, pp. 37–38.
- ^ a b c Narayan 2009, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ćorović 2001, ch. "Pokrštavanje Južnih Slovena"
- ^ a b c Ferjančić 1997, p. 15.
- ^ Živković 2008, p. 165.
- ^ Klaić 1972, p. 80.
- ^ a b c d Brković 2001, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d e Ćorović 2001, ch. "Srbi između Vizantije, Hrvatske i Bugarske"
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 153.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 159.
- ^ a b Šišić 1990, p. 436.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 274.
- ^ a b c Fine 1991, p. 276.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 24.
- ^ Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice, a Maritime Republic, p. 26
- ^ Croatian Encyclopaedia (2021), Neretvani
- ^ a b c Puhiera, Samuel (1959). "Judex, Dux Marianorum". Prilozi povijesti otoka Hvara. 1 (1): 4–16.
- ^ Klaić, Nada (1960). "Problem Slavca i Neretljanske krajine". Zgodovinski časopis. 14: 96–136.
- ^ a b Laušić, Ante (1959). "Pripadnost i uloga srednjovjekovnih Poljica u vrijeme hrvatskih narodnih vladara". Radovi. 22 (1): 23–48.
- ^ a b Ančić, Mladen (2002). "Od kralja "poluboga" do prvih ideja o "nacionalnom kraljevstvu"" [From the "Demigod" King to the First Ideas About a "National Kingdom"]. Kolomanov put (katalog izložbe). Zagreb: Hrvatski povijesni muzej. p. 59.
- ^ a b Ančić 2011a, pp. 22–24, 42: "Sve to vodi nedvojbenome zaključku da sve ono što se čita u takozvanome „Supetarskom kartularu“ zapravo nema nikakve veze s „Neretvanima“ i njihovom „državom“, kako je to obrazlagao M. Barada. Kralj Slavac kao i njegov nećak i ban Petar nisu nikakvi „neretvanski vladari i dužnosnici“ – riječ je o posljednjim hrvatskim vladarima s kraljevskom titulom, ali bez stvarne vlasti nad većim dijelom Kraljevstva, vlast kojih je, kako se čini teritorijalno prilično ograničena, trajala od 1091. do 1097. godine kada je u boju s mađarskim snagama poginuo Petar. [All this leads to the undoubted conclusion that everything that is read in the so-called "Supetar Cartulary" actually has nothing to do with the "Neretvans" and their "state", as explained by M. Barada. King Slavac, as well as his nephew and ban Petar, are not "Neretvan rulers and officials" - they are the last Croatian rulers with a royal title, but without real authority over a large part of the Kingdom, whose authority, as it seems, was territorially quite limited, lasted from 1091 to 1097, when Petar was killed in a battle with Hungarian forces.]"
- ^ a b c d Budak 2018, pp. 230–231.
- ^ Atti e memorie della Società dalmata di storia patria. Volumes 7–9. La Società. 1970. p. 119.
- Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute
- ISBN 978-2-503-52615-7.
- Croatian Encyclopaedia (2021), Slavac
- ^ Marcel Brion (1962). Venice: The Masque of Italy. Elek. p. 63.
- ^ Catholic World. Vol. 106. Paulist Fathers. 1918. p. 365.
- ^ Živković 2012b, p. 12.
- ^ Živković 2012b, p. 13.
- ^ Fine 2006, pp. 37, 39, 62.
- ^ Moravcsik 1967.
- ISBN 9789532123388.
- ^ Živković 2012a, pp. 194–195.
- ^ a b Zadarska smotra. Vol. 49. Matica hrvatska. 2000. p. 567.
- ^ Ančić 2011a, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Ančić 2011b, p. 224.
- ^ Dinić, Mihailo (1953). "VII poglavlje: Srpske zemlje u ranofeudalno doba (do XII. stoljeća)". In Bogo Grafenauer; Dušan Perović; Jaroslav Šidak (eds.). Historija naroda Jugoslavije (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Školska knjiga. p. 245.
Danas se ne može utvrditi, koliko te Porfirogenetove vijesti, zabilježene puna tri stoljeća poslije doseljenja Slavena na Balkanski poluotok, odgovaraju stvarnosti; vjerojatno se u njima održava politički razvitak tih oblasti od VII. do IX. st., kada se kroz formu širega plemenskog saveza širilo i srpsko ime.
- ^ Dvornik et al 1962, pp. 139, 141–142: He probably saw that in his time all these tribes were in the Serb sphere of influence, and therefore called them Serbs, thus ante-dating by three centuries the state of affairs in his own day. But in fact, as has been shown in the case of the Zachlumians, these tribes were not properly speaking Serbs, and seem to have migrated not with the Serbs but with the Croats. The Serbs at an early date succeeded in extending their sovereignty over the Terbouniotes and, under prince Peter, for a short time over the Narentans ... The Narentan Slavs differed in many respects from the other Slavs of Dalmatia ... The Narentan system seems thus to have been similar to that of the Polabian Slavs. The Narentans were scarcely influenced by Croats or Serbs, and seem to have been settled on the coast before the latter entered Illyricum. For C.’s statement that the Pagani are ‘descended from the unbaptized Serbs’ (36/5-6), see on 33/18-19. It is obvious that the small retinue of the Serbian prince could not have populated Serbia, Zachlumia, Terbounia and Narenta
- ^ Dvornik 1970, p. 26: Constantine regards all Slavic tribes in ancient Praevalis and Epirus—the Zachlumians, Tribunians, Diodetians, Narentans— as Serbs. This is not exact. Even these tribes were liberated from the Avars by the Croats who lived among them. Only later, thanks to the expansion of the Serbs, did they recognize their supremacy and come to be called Serbians
- ^ Ferjančić 1997, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Ferjančić 1997, p. 16.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 210: According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Slavs of the Dalmatian zhupanias of Pagania, Zahumlje, Travounia, and Konavli all "descended from the unbaptized Serbs."51 This has been rightly interpreted as an indication that in the mid-tenth century the coastal zhupanias were under the control of the Serbian zhupan Časlav, who ruled over the regions in the interior and extended his power westwards across the mountains to the coast.
- ^ a b Živković 2006, p. 60.
- ^ Živković 2012b, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Živković 2012a, p. 195.
- ^ Budak 1994, pp. 58–61: Pri tome je car dosljedno izostavljao Dukljane iz ove srpske zajednice naroda. Čini se, međutim, očitim da car ne želi govoriti ο stvarnoj etničkoj povezanosti, već da su mu pred očima politički odnosi u trenutku kada je pisao djelo, odnosno iz vremena kada su za nj prikupljani podaci u Dalmaciji...
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 51: Sporovi hrvatske i srpske historiografije oko etničkoga karaktera sklavinija između Cetine i Drača bespredmetni su, jer transponiraju suvremene kategorije etniciteta u rani srednji vijek u kojem se identitet shvaćao drukčije...
- ^ Budak 2018, p. 177: Međutim, nakon nekog vremena (možda poslije unutarnjih sukoba u Hrvatskoj) promijenio je svoj položaj i prihvatio vrhovništvo srpskog vladara jer Konstantin tvrdi da su Zahumljani (kao i Neretvani i Travunjani) bili Srbi od vremena onog arhonta koji je Srbe, za vrijeme Heraklija, doveo u njihovu novu domovinu. Ta tvrdnja, naravno, nema veze sa stvarnošću 7. st., ali govori o političkim odnosima u Konstantinovo vrijeme.
- ^ Budak 1994, p. 59.
- ^ Gračanin 2008, pp. 71–72: Izneseni nalazi navode na zaključak da se Hrvati nisu uopće naselili u južnoj Panoniji tijekom izvorne seobe sa sjevera na jug, iako je moguće da su pojedine manje skupine zaostale na tom području utopivši se naposljetku u premoćnoj množini ostalih doseljenih slavenskih populacija. Širenje starohrvatskih populacija s juga na sjever pripada vremenu od 10. stoljeća nadalje i povezano je s izmijenjenim političkim prilikama, jačanjem i širenjem rane hrvatske države. Na temelju svega ovoga mnogo je vjerojatnije da etnonim "Hrvati" i doseoba skrivaju činjenicu o prijenosu političke vlasti, što znači da je car političko vrhovništvo poistovjetio s etničkom nazočnošću. Točno takav pristup je primijenio pretvarajući Zahumljane, Travunjane i Neretljane u Srbe (DAI, c. 33, 8-9, 34, 4-7, 36, 5-7).
- ^ Goldstein 1995, p. 196: Neretvani u to vrijeme ne pripadaju neposredno nijednoj od velikih etnogenetskih jezgri koje su se već afirmirale ili će se tek afirmirati na istočnom Jadranu i na evropskom prostoru uopće. Oni se tada ne mogu smatrati ni Srbima ni Hrvatima, iako car Konstantin tvrdi da "isti Pagani vode podrijetlo od nekrštenih Srba, iz vremena onog arhonta koji je prebjegao caru Herakliju"243. Naime, Neretvani su se vrlo rano afirmirali kao samostalan čimbenik, dobivši zbog toga i osebujna imena: Mariani (primorci), Arentani (Neretvani), Pagani (pogani). Neretvansku pak povijest i u ranosrednjovjekovnom razdoblju valja smatrati dijelom hrvatske povijesti zbog toga što se od kraja 11. stoljeća taj prostor vrlo brzo inkorporira u cjelinu Hrvatske (ili kasnije u hrvatsko-ugarsko kraljevstvo).
- ^ Vedriš 2015, p. 590: No pri jednostranim pokušajima da se utvrdi etnička pripadnost tih sklavinija, često se nije uzimalau obzir sva složenost i višeslojnost identiteta razmatranje kojih upućuje na zaključakda se u ranome srednjem vijeku na istočnoj jadranskoj obali »slavensko pučanstvo diferenciralo u više nego dvije etnogenetske jezgre« (N. Budak).
- ^ Ančić 2011b, pp. 270–276.
- ^ Živković, T.; Kunčer, D. (2009), Gesta regum Sclavorum, I–II, pp. 362–365
- ^ Živković 2006, p. 16.
Sources
- Ančić, Mladen (2011a). "Miho Barada i mit o Neretvanima" [Miho Barada and the myth of Neretva]. Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). 30 (41): 17–43.
- Ančić, Mladen (2011b). "Ranosrednjovjekovni Neretvani ili Humljani: Tragom zabune koju je prouzročilo djelo De administrando imperio" [The Early Medieval Narentines or Chulmians: Tracing the confusion caused by De administrando Imperio]. In Lučić, Ivica (ed.). Hum i Hercegovina kroz povijest: Zbornik radova. Hrvatski Institut za povijest. ISBN 9789536324965.
- Brković, Milko (October 2001). "The Papal Letters of the second half of the IXth Century to addressees in Croatia". Radovi (in Croatian) (43). Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar: 29–44. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- Budak, Neven (1994). Prva stoljeća Hrvatske. Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. ISBN 9789531690324.
- ISBN 978-953-340-061-7
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- Ćorović, Vladimir (2001) [1997]. Istorija srpskog naroda (in Serbo-Croatian) (Internet ed.). Belgrade: Ars Libri.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
- Dvornik, F.; Jenkins, R. J. H.; Lewis, B.; Moravcsik, Gy.; Obolensky, D.; Runciman, S. (1962). P. J. H. Jenkins (ed.). De Administrando Imperio: Volume II. Commentary. University of London: The Athlone Press.
- ISBN 9780813506135.
- Evans, Arthur (2007). Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot During the Insurrection, August and September 1875. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 363–. ISBN 978-1-60206-270-2.
- Ferjančić, Božidar (1997). Basile Ier et la restauration du pouvoir byzantin au IXème siècle (in Serbian). Vol. 36. Naučno delo. pp. 9–29.
- Filozofski fakultet (1964). Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta. Vol. 8. Univerzitet u Beogradu; Naučno delo.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- ISBN 0472025600.
- Goldstein, Ivo (1995). Hrvatski rani srednji vijek [Croatian Early Medieval]. Zavod za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. ISBN 9789531750431.
- Gračanin, Hrvoje (2008). "Od Hrvata pak koji su stigli u Dalmaciju odvojio se jedan dio i zavladao Ilirikom i Panonijom: Razmatranja uz DAI c. 30, 75-78". Povijest U Nastavi (in Croatian). VI (11): 67–76.
- Institut za hrvatsku povijest (1974). "n/a". Radovi (in Serbo-Croatian) (6–7). Sveučilište u Zagrebu.
- Janković, Đorđe (2007). Српско поморје од 7. до 10. столећа (PDF) (in Serbian). Srpsko arheološko društvo. ISBN 978-86-904455-5-4.
- Klaić, Vjekoslav (1972). Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX stoljeća (in Croatian). Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske.
- Klaić, Nada (1971). Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku (in Croatian). Školska knjiga.
- Kostić, Lazo M. (1963). Srpska istorija i srpsko more (in Serbian). Srpska misao.
- ISBN 9780884020219.
- Narayan, S. S. (2009). Sea pirates. Sumit Enterprises. ISBN 978-81-8420-167-3.
- ISBN 978-86-401-0080-9.
- Vedriš, Trpimir (2015). "Balkanske sklavinije i Bugarska – Hrvatska u međunarodnom kontekstu" [Balkan 'sklavinias' and Bulgaria – Croatia in the international context]. In Zrinka Nikolić Jakus (ed.). Nova zraka u europskom svjetlu: Hrvatske zemlje u ranome srednjem vijeku (oko 550 − oko 1150) [Croatian lands in the Early Middle Ages (o. 550. – o. 1150.)] (in Croatian). Zagreb: ISBN 978-953-150-942-8.
- ISBN 86-17-13754-1.
- ISBN 9788675585732.
- Živković, Tibor (2012a). De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source. Belgrade: The Institute of History.
- Živković, Tibor (2012b). "Неретљани – пример разматрања идентитета у раном средњем веку" [Arentani - an Example of Identity Examination in the Early Middle Ages]. Istorijski časopis. 61: 11–25.
- Кунчер, Драгана (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.
- Живковић, Тибор (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.
Further reading
- Ančić, Mladen (2011). "Ranosrednjovjekovni Neretvani ili Humljani: Tragom zabune koju je prouzrocilo djelo De administrando imperio". Hum i Hercegovina Kroz Povijest: Zbornik Radova KNJ. 1 (in Croatian). Hrvatski Institut za povijest: 218–278.
- Đekić, Đ.; Pavlović, M. (2016). "Drosiaco, Marianorum iudice". Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini (in Serbian). 46 (4): 243–253. .
- Marković, Miodrag (2013). "On the attempts to locate the "inhabited cities" of porphyrogennetos' Pagania: a historiographic overview with special reference to controversial issues". Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta (in Serbian). 50 (1): 301–334. .
External links
- Aleksić, Marko (2008). Неретљани, заборављено српско племе [Neretljani, a forgotten Serbian tribe] (in Serbian). Rastko.
43°09′02″N 17°23′17″E / 43.1505969°N 17.3879242°E