Nasalization
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Nasalized | |
---|---|
◌̃ | |
IPA Number | 424 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ̃ |
Unicode (hex) | U+0303 |
Sound change and alternation |
---|
Fortition |
Dissimilation |
In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth.[1] Examples of archetypal nasal sounds include [n] and [m].
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, nasalization is indicated by printing a tilde diacritic U+0303 ◌̃ COMBINING TILDE above the symbol for the sound to be nasalized: [ã] is the nasalized equivalent of [a], and [ṽ] is the nasalized equivalent of [v]. A subscript diacritic [ą], called an ogonek or nosinė, is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears tone marks that would interfere with the superscript tilde. For example, [ą̄ ą́ ą̀ ą̂ ą̌] are more legible in most fonts than [ã̄ ã́ ã̀ ã̂ ã̌].
Nasal vowels
Many languages have nasal
Degree of nasality
There are occasional languages, such as in
Nasal consonants
By far the most common nasal sounds are
Nasalized consonants
Nasalized versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The
] while borrowed into Japan. It seems likely that it was once a nasalized fricative, perhaps a palatal [ʝ̃].In
In
A nasal trill [r̃] has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in
Other languages, such as the
True nasal fricatives
Nasal fricative | |
---|---|
◌͋ |
Besides nasalized oral fricatives, there are true nasal fricatives, or anterior nasal fricatives, previously called nareal fricatives. They are sometimes produced by people with
Denasalization
Nasalization may be lost over time. There are also denasal sounds, which sound like nasals spoken with a head cold. They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in Korean.
Contextual nasalization
Vowels assimilate to surrounding
Contextual nasalization can lead to the addition of nasal vowel phonemes to a language.[13] That happened in French, most of whose final consonants disappeared, but its final nasals made the preceding vowels become nasal, which introduced a new distinction into the language. An example is vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] ('white wine'), ultimately from Latin vinum and blancum.
See also
- Eclipsis, a similar process in Gaelic that is often called "nasalization"
- Nasal consonant
- Nasal release
- Nasal vowel
- Nasality
- Prenasalized consonant
References
- ^ "nasal | speech sound". Britannica. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 298.
- ISBN 9780521804288.
- ^ Peter Ladefoged (1971) Preliminaries of Linguistic Phonetics, p. 35.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, pp. 298–299.
- ISBN 1-85500-161-6.
- . Retrieved 2017-01-16.
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ISBN 0-19-823848-7
- ^ Heath, Jeffrey (2014). A Grammar of Toro Tegu (Dogon), Tabi mountain dialect.
- S2CID 162551544.
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ^ The World Atlas of Language Structures Online – Chapter 10 – Vowel Nasalization