Nasuia deltocephalinicola

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Nasuia deltocephalinicola
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Betaproteobacteria
Genus:
Nasuia
Species:
N. deltocephalinicola
Binomial name
Nasuia deltocephalinicola

Nasuia deltocephalinicola was reported in 2013 to have the smallest

Tremblaya princeps, has 139,000 nucleotides. While N. deltocephalinicola has the smallest number of nucleotides, it has more protein-coding genes (137)[1] than some bacteria.[3]

Symbiotic relationship

N. deltocephalinicola was discovered when

plant sap.[4] N. deltocephalinicola along with other bacterial endosymbionts help the insects by synthesizing 10 essential amino acids that they would not otherwise have. The only insects that can benefit from this relationship are those from the suborder Sternorrhyncha, which feed off phloem, and those from the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, which feed off xylem. N. deltocephalinicola can synthesize two of the essential amino acids that these insects require. N. deltocephalinicola uses the UGA codon in its DNA to specify tryptophan instead of the stop as in most other organisms.[1]

The symbiotic relationship between N. deltocephalinicola and leafhoppers is proposed to have started at least 200 million years ago, when leafhoppers and

organ in their abdominal cavity called a bacteriome, which they have on both sides of their abdomens. Many types of bacteria can reside in these organs, though the bacteria are completely separated from each other and reside in different sections of the bacteriome.[4]

N. deltocephalinicola is an obligate endosymbiont—it cannot thrive without being in a leafhopper. It is an intracellular endosymbiont, living within

bacteriocytes, cells that are specialized for housing endosymbiotic bacteria.[5] These bacteriocytes comprise an organ called a bacteriome, whose cells host a variety of bacterial endosymbionts.[5] Intracellular endosymbionts may evolve to depend on the host cells for essential cellular functions. As a result, their genomes often lack genes that would be required for life in an extracellular environment, even one containing abundant nutrients.[6] They have thereby begun the process of evolving from a free-living organism to an intracellular organelle. N. deltocephalinicola also no longer has genes needed to synthesize ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.[4] It is proposed that this is because of the high sucrose concentration found in xylem and phloem of plants.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e
    Kirchberger, Paul C.; Schmidt, Marian L.; Ochman, Howard (2020-09-08). "The Ingenuity of Bacterial Genomes".
    ISSN 0066-4227
    .
    Bennett, Gordon M.; Moran, Nancy A. (31 July 2013). "Small, smaller, smallest: the origins and evolution of ancient dual symbioses in a phloem-feeding insect". Genome Biology and Evolution. 5 (9). Oxford Journals: 1675–1688.
    PMID 23918810. Archived from the original
    on 2 June 2014.
  2. ^ Brown, Terrence A. (2002). "Genomes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Oxford: Wiley-Liss.
  3. ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (23 August 2013). "And the Genomes Keep Shrinking..." National Geographic. National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013.
  4. ^
    PMID 23770905
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 18485847
    . Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  6. PMID 23918810
    .
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