Washington National Cathedral
Washington National Cathedral | |
Neo-Gothic | |
NRHP reference No. | 74002170 |
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Added to NRHP | May 3, 1974 |
The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington, commonly known as Washington National Cathedral or National Cathedral, is an American
The
The cathedral stands at
History
Construction
In 1792,
In 1891, a meeting was held to begin plans for an Episcopal cathedral in Washington. On January 6, 1893, the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia was granted a charter from Congress to establish the cathedral. The
Construction started on September 29, 1907, with a ceremonial address by President
National role
From its earliest days, the cathedral has been promoted as more than simply an Episcopal cathedral. Planners hoped it would play a role similar to Westminster Abbey. They wanted it to be a national shrine and a venue for great services. For much of the cathedral's history, this was captured in the phrase "a house of prayer for all people." In more recent times the phrases "national house of prayer" and "spiritual home for the nation" have been used. The cathedral has achieved this status simply by offering itself and being accepted by religious and political leaders as playing this role.[9]
Its initial charter was similar to those granted to American University, The Catholic University of America, and other not-for-profit entities founded in the District of Columbia c. 1900. Contrary to popular misconception, the government has not designated it as a national house of prayer.
During World War II, monthly services were held there "on behalf of a united people in a time of emergency."[10] Before and since, the structure has hosted other major events, both religious and secular, that have drawn the attention of the American people, as well as tourists from around the world.
Major events
Major services
State funerals for four American presidents have been held at the cathedral:[11][12][13]
- 34th President lay in repose at the cathedral before lying in state
- 40th President Ronald Reagan (2004)
- 38th President Gerald Ford (2007)
- 41st President George H. W. Bush (2018)
Memorial services were also held at the cathedral for the following presidents:[11]
- (29th) Warren G. Harding
- (27th) William Howard Taft
- (30th) Calvin Coolidge
- (33rd) Harry S. Truman
- (37th) Richard Nixon
Presidential prayer services were held the day after the inaugurations for:[14]
- 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt's second inauguration in January 1937
- 40th President Ronald Reagan's second inauguration in 1985
- 41st President George H. W. Bush's inauguration in 1989
- 43rd President George W. Bush's first and second inaugurations in 2001 and 2005
- 44th President Barack Obama's first and second inaugurations in 2009 and 2013
- 45th President Donald Trump's inauguration in 2017[15]
- 46th President Joe Biden's inauguration in 2021
Other events have included:
- Funeral for former first lady Edith Wilson (1961)[11]
- Memorial service for former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt (1962)[11]
- Memorial service and interment of Helen Keller (1968)[16]
- Memorial service for the casualties of the Vietnam War on November 14, 1982
- Funeral for Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall on January 29, 1993
- Public funeral for Chief of Naval Operations, Jeremy Michael Boorda(1996)
- Funeral for Secretary of Commerce Ronald Brown (1996)
- Funeral for U.S. Ambassador to France Pamela Harriman (1997)
- Memorial service following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales (September 6, 1997)[17]
- Funeral for The Washington Post newspaper publisher Katharine Graham (2001)
- Memorial service for the victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks
- Special evensong for the victims of the Virginia Tech shooting
- Funeral for educator and national civil rights leader Dorothy Height (2010)
- Memorial service for NASA astronaut and first person on the Moon Neil Armstrong (2012)
- Funeral for President Pro Tempore of the Senate, and Medal of Honorrecipient (2012)
- Funeral for Charles Colson, founder of Prison Fellowship (2012)[18]
- Memorial service for former South African President and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela(2014)
- Interfaith service of Prayer and Remembrance: The Fifteenth Anniversary of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Sunday September 11, 2016
- March for Our Lives Prayer Vigil: A vigil for "activists, students and pilgrims" participating in the March for Our Lives anti-gun violence rally in Washington, D.C. and other cities, Friday March 23, 2018[19]
- Funeral for U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona (September 1, 2018)
- Service of Thanksgiving and Remembrance for Matthew Shepard (October 26, 2018).[20]
- Funeral for U.S. Army General (Ret.), Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and former Secretary of State Colin Powell (November 5, 2021).
- Funeral for U.S. Senator Bob Dole of Kansas (December 10, 2021)
- Funeral for former Secretary of State and diplomat Madeleine Albright (April 27, 2022)
- Memorial service following the death of Queen Elizabeth II (September 21, 2022)[21]
It was from Washington National Cathedral's "Canterbury Pulpit" that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his final Sunday sermon on March 31, 1968, just 4 days before his assassination on April 4, 1968.[22] A memorial service for King was held at the cathedral later the same week.
2011 earthquake
The cathedral was damaged in August 2011 during the Virginia earthquake. Finial stones on several pinnacles broke off, and several pinnacles twisted out of alignment or collapsed entirely. Some gargoyles and other carvings were damaged, and a hole was punched through the metal-clad roof by falling masonry. Cracks also appeared in the flying buttresses surrounding the apse. Inside, initial inspections revealed less damage, with some mortar joints loose or falling out.[23] The cathedral, which had no earthquake insurance, struggled to cope with the cost of the damage.[24]
Washington National Cathedral closed from August 24 to November 7, 2011,[23] as $2 million was spent to stabilize the structure and remove damaged or loose stone.[24] Safety netting was erected throughout the nave to protect visitors from any debris that might fall from above.[25] The cathedral reopened for the consecration and installation of Mariann Budde as the ninth Bishop of Washington on November 12, 2011.[26] At that time, estimates of the cost of the damage were about $25 million.[26]
Identifying the full extent of the damage and construction planning and studies over the next two years consumed another $2.5 million.[24] In 2011, the cathedral received a $700,000 preservation work matching grant from the Save America's Treasures program, a public-private partnership operated by the nonprofit National Trust for Historic Preservation. The program, which is federally funded, required the cathedral to match the grant dollar-for-dollar with private funds and use the money solely for preservation work.[27]
Gary R. Hall was chosen to be the 10th dean of Washington National Cathedral in July 2012.[28]
Although fundraising to repair the damage began soon after the earthquake, it took the cathedral three years to raise the $15 million to complete the first phase of repairs.[24] In August 2013, the cost of the repairs was re-estimated at $26 million. About $10 million had already been raised by this date to pay for the repairs, half of that coming from the Lilly Endowment.[29] The cathedral began charging a $10 admission fee for tourists in January 2014, and started renting out its worship and other spaces to outside groups to raise cash.[30] The cathedral also transformed the Herb Cottage (its old baptistry building adjacent to the cathedral) into a for-profit coffeehouse operated by the Open City café chain.[31]
Phase I of the restoration, which cost $10 million,[24] repaired the internal ceiling's stone and mortar and was completed in February 2015. The planned 10-year, $22 million Phase II will repair or replace the damaged stones atop the cathedral.[32]
In June 2015, Washington National Cathedral leaders said the church needed $200 million, which would both complete repairs and establish a foundation to give the cathedral financial stability. The cathedral began working on a capital fundraising campaign, which The New York Times said was one of the largest ever by an American religious institution, to begin in 2018 or 2019. Hall said that the cathedral also planned to reopen its continuing education college and its Center for Prayer and Pilgrimage (a space on the cathedral's crypt level dedicated to prayer, meditation, and devotional practice). After three years of deficit spending, however, the cathedral also announced additional cuts to music programs to balance its budget.[24]
Lee-Jackson stained glass windows
In June 2016, after an examination by a five-person task force, it was announced that two Confederate battle flag images would be removed from stained glass windows commemorating the lives of Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. The windows were installed in 1953 after lobbying by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. In its report, the task force wrote that it "is unanimous in its decision that the windows provide a catalyst for honest discussions about race and the legacy of slavery and for addressing the uncomfortable and too often avoided issues of race in America. Moreover, the windows serve as a profound witness to the cathedral's own complex history in relationship to race."[34]
On September 6, 2017, the cathedral, in a statement signed by the Right Rev. Mariann Edgar Budde, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington, the Very Rev. Randolph Marshall Hollerith, dean of the cathedral, and John Donoghue, chair of the cathedral chapter, announced its decision to deconsecrate and remove the stained glass windows honoring Lee and Jackson.[35]
On September 23, 2023, the "Now and Forever Windows" were unveiled and dedicated at the Cathedral. The dedication service featured remarks from world-renowned visual artist and window designer Kerry James Marshall, and a special reading of 'American Song' by poet Elizabeth Alexander.[36]
Financial concerns
In January 2003, Nathan D. Baxter, dean of the cathedral, announced his retirement effective from June 30, 2003. Baxter had led the cathedral since 1991.[37] After an 18-month search, Samuel T. Lloyd III was named dean and began his tenure on April 23, 2005.[38] Using a $15 million bequest the cathedral received in 2000, Lloyd rapidly expanded the cathedral's programming.[39][24] Meanwhile, the cathedral deferred maintenance and declined to make needed repairs.[24] Construction also began in summer 2005 on a $34 million, four-level, 430-car underground parking garage. It opened in 2007.[40][24] The structure was pushed by John Bryson Chane, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington, and was mostly funded by debt. Payments on the garage were $500,000 per year, with a major increase in the annual debt service beginning in 2017.[41] In early 2008, the National Cathedral Association, the church's fundraising donor network, was disbanded after cathedral leaders concluded that the building was "finished" and it was no longer necessary to raise significant funds for construction.[24][42]
The 2008–2009 Great Recession hit the cathedral hard. By June 2010, the cathedral cut its budget from $27 million to $13 million, outsourced the operation of its gift shop, shut its greenhouse, cancelled its plans to replace the Skinner organ in the sanctuary, and ceased operation of the College of Preachers that had provided Episcopal clergy nationwide with continuing theological education. The cathedral also laid off 100 of its 170 staff members, including its art conservator and its liturgist (who researched and advocated the use of liturgies at the cathedral).[43] It also significantly cut back on programming, music performances, and classes.[44] To help stabilize its finances, the cathedral began an $11 million fundraising campaign and used $2.5 million of its $50 million endowment to plug budget holes.[43] The National Cathedral Association was recreated as well.[41]
In June 2010, the cathedral announced that it was exploring the sale of its rare book collection, the value of which was estimated to be several million dollars.[43] It sold a number of books to a private collector in 2011 for $857,000[24] and in 2013 donated most of the remaining collection to Virginia Theological Seminary.[24][45]
As the economic downturn continued, a report by cathedral staff identified $30 million in needed maintenance and repairs.
Since 2016, the Cathedral has stabilized its finances, reporting annual operating surpluses in its audited financial statements for the last seven years,[46] and moving forward with some large capital projects including the renovation and opening of the Virginia Mae Center,[47] commencement of the great organ renovation,[48] and continued earthquake repairs.
Architecture
The cathedral's final design shows a mix of influences from the various Gothic architectural styles of the Middle Ages, identifiable in its pointed arches, flying buttresses, a variety of ceiling vaulting, stained-glass windows and carved decorations in stone, and by its three similar towers, two on the west front and one surmounting the crossing.
The structure consists of a long, narrow rectangular mass formed by a nine-bay nave with wide side aisles and a five-bay chancel, intersected by a six-bay transept. Above the crossing, rising 301 ft (92 m) above the ground, is the Gloria in Excelsis Tower; its top, at 676 ft (206 m) above sea level, is the highest point in Washington.[3] The Pilgrim Observation Gallery—which occupies a space about 3/4ths of the way up in the west-end towers—provides sweeping views of the city. Unique in North America, the central tower has two full sets of bells—a 53-bell carillon and a 10-bell peal for change ringing; the change bells are rung by members of the Washington Ringing Society.[3] The cathedral sits on a landscaped 57-acre (23 ha) plot on Mount Saint Alban.[3] The one-story porch projecting from the south transept has a large portal with a carved tympanum. This portal is approached by the Pilgrim Steps, a long flight of steps 40 feet (12 m) wide.
Most of the building is constructed using a buff-colored
The
There are many other works of art including over two hundred stained glass windows,
The cathedral was built with several intentional "flaws" in keeping with an apocryphal medieval custom that sought to illustrate that only God can be perfect.[dubious ] Artistically speaking, these flaws (which often come in the form of intentional asymmetries) draw the observer's focus to the sacred geometry as well as compensate for visual distortions, a practice that has been used since the Pyramids and the Parthenon.[citation needed] The architects designed the crypt chapels in Norman, Romanesque, and Transitional styles predating the Gothic, as though the cathedral had been built as a successor to earlier churches, a common occurrence in European cathedrals.[citation needed]
Numerous grotesques and gargoyles adorn the exterior, most of them designed by the carvers; one of the more famous of these is a caricature of then-master carver Roger Morigi on the north exterior of the nave. There were also two competitions held for the public to provide designs to supplement those of the carvers. The second of these produced the famous Darth Vader grotesque which is high on the northwest tower, sculpted by Jay Hall Carpenter and carved by Patrick J. Plunkett.[50]
The west facade follows an iconographic program of Creation rather than that of the
The cathedral contains a basement, which was intentionally flooded during the
Architects
The cathedral's master plan was designed by
When work resumed after
Images of architectural details
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Donation Thanks Engraving
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Vaulting in northwest cloister
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Pilgrim Observation Gallery
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Side view of The Washington National Cathedral, with earthquake construction
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There is a placard for every state from the United States
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Statue of George Washington (by Lee Lawrie)
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The Space Window
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GITMO stone inscribed in 1964 as a gift to the cathedral from those at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
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Mount Sinai stone
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Women's porch
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South transept tympanum
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Detail of figures flanking south doors
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Encaustic mural of the burial of Jesus in the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea
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Stained glass window depicting major events of the life of Confederate General Robert E. Lee; removed in 2017
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Stained glass window depicting the life of Stonewall Jackson; removed in 2017
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Stained glass depicting Charles Warren
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Stained glass dedicated to Andrew Carnegie
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Darth Vader Grotesque
Leadership and funding
The cathedral is both the
The
The budget, $27 million in 2008, was trimmed to $13 million in 2010. Staff was reduced from 170 to 70. There was an endowment of $50 million.[43]
List of deans
In May 2016,
Former Cathedral Deans:
- Alfred Harding (de facto; 1909–1916)
- George C. F. Bratenahl (1916–1936)
- Noble C. Powell (1937–1941)
- ZeBarney T. Phillips (1941–1942)
- John W. Suter (1944–1950)
- Francis B. Sayre Jr.(1951–1978)
- John T. Walker (1978–1989; simultaneously bishop)
- Nathan D. Baxter (1991–2003)
- Samuel T. Lloyd III (2005–2011)
- Gary R. Hall (2012–2015)
- Randolph Marshall Hollerith(2016–present)
Cathedral Clergy
Provost: The Rev. Jan Naylor Cope
Canon Vicar: The Rev. Canon Dana Colley Corsello
Canon for Worship: The Rev. Dr. Rosemarie Logan Duncan
Canon Missioner & Minister of Equity and Inclusion: The Rev. Canon Leonard Hamlin, Sr.
Canon Theologian: The Rev. Dr. Kelly Brown Douglas
Priest Associate for Worship: The Rev. Patrick Keyser
Priest Associate for Congregation: The Rev. Spencer Brown
Pastor for Digital Ministry: The Rev. Jo Nygard Owens
Worship
The worship department is, like the cathedral itself, rooted in the doctrine and practice of the Episcopal Church, and based in the
The cathedral also has been a temporary home to several congregations, including a Jewish synagogue and an Eastern Orthodox community. It has also been the site for several ecumenical and interfaith services. In October 2005, at the cathedral, the Rev. Nancy Wilson was consecrated and installed as moderator (denominational executive) of the Metropolitan Community Church, by its founding moderator, the Rev. Troy Perry.
Each Christmas, the cathedral holds special services, which are broadcast to the world. The service of lessons and carols is distributed by Public Radio International. Christmas at Washington National Cathedral is a live television broadcast of the 9:00 a.m. Eucharist on Christmas Day. It is produced by WJLA-TV and is shown on national affiliates in most cities around the United States. Some affiliates broadcast the service at noon. The Christmas service at the cathedral was broadcast to the nation on television from 1953 until 2010 and is still webcast live from the cathedral's homepage.
Music
Director of Music: Canon Michael McCarthy (2002–);
Organist & Associate Director of Music: Dr. Thomas Sheehan (2019–);
Associate Director of Music & Chorister Program Manager: Julie DeBoer (2022–);
Associate Director of Music for Contemporary Worship: Michelle Fowlin (2022–);
Organ Scholar: Vacant (New Appointment: July 2024)
Carilloneur: Dr. Edward Nassor (1990–).
Former organists and choirmasters include Edgar Priest, Robert George Barrow, Paul Callaway, Richard Wayne Dirksen, Douglas Major, Bruce Neswick, James Litton, Erik Wm. Suter, Scott Dettra, Jeremy Fillsell, Christopher Betts, The Rev. Benjamin Pearce Straley, George Fergus and Rebecca Ehren. The present artist in residence is Stanley J. Thurston.
Choirs
The Washington National Cathedral Choir of Men and Boys, founded in 1909, is one of very few cathedral choirs of men and boys in the United States with an affiliated school, in the English choir tradition. The eighteen to twenty-two boys singing treble are of ages 8 to 14 and attend St. Albans School, the Cathedral school for boys, on vocal scholarships.
In 1997, the Cathedral Choir of Men and Girls was formed by Bruce Neswick, using the same men as the choir of the men and boys. The Choir consists of middle and high school girls attending the National Cathedral School on vocal scholarships. The two choirs currently share service duties and occasionally collaborate.
Both choirs have recently[when?] recorded several CDs, including a Christmas album; a U.S. premiere recording of Ståle Kleiberg's Requiem for the Victims of Nazi Persecution; and a patriotic album, America the Beautiful.
The choirs rehearse separately every weekday morning in a graded class incorporated into their school schedule. The choristers sing
The resident symphonic chorus of Washington National Cathedral is the Cathedral Choral Society.
The Great Organ
The Great Organ was installed by the Ernest M. Skinner & Son Organ Company in 1938. The original instrument consisted of approximately 8,400 pipes. The instrument was enlarged by the Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company in 1963 and again between 1970 and 1975, during which time more than half of the original instrument was removed. The present instrument consists of 189 ranks and 10,647 pipes.[56]
Renovation
Although the instrument was mechanically restored in the late 80s and early 90s, the instrument has deteriorated to the point where a third of the instrument was unplayable, including the entire Solo division. Furthermore, the layout of the organ created a confusing sonic effect for listeners, and the neo-classical approach to organ building that was popular during the era of the Organ Reform Movement had become obsolete.[57] The organ was to be replaced with a new instrument built by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders,[58] but this plan was scrapped in 2009.[59]
As of 2023, plans are being developed for a renovation of the instrument. The organ will be renovated by Foley-Baker Inc. of Tolland, CT over a span of 4 years from 2024 to 2028 at the cost of $14 million, and is expected to reduce the size of the organ to 172 ranks and 9,787 pipes.[57]It will include a complete removal of the instrument, and the addition of a suitable digital organ by the Walker Technical Company for the duration of the project. This renovation will include the addition of a new division within the Nave to improve the clarity of the organ to listeners within the Nave, a new mechanical chassis for the instrument, and the removal of some of the least successful pipes from the 1970s renovation. Approximately 50 ranks of pipes from the original 1938 instrument remain, and as many of these ranks will be reused as possible, as well as some of the pipes from the 1970s renovation. The rest of the instrument will consist of new pipework which will seamlessly integrate with what remains from the previous instrument.[57]
On December 31, 2023 the temporary Walker organ was unveiled during worship services.
Bells
The cathedral is unique in North America in having both a carillon and a set of change ringing bells.
The ring of 10 bells (tenor 32 long cwt 0 qr 4 lb; 3,588 lb or 1,627 kg in D) are hung in the English style for full circle ringing. All ten were cast in 1962 by Mears & Stainbank (now known as The Whitechapel Bell Foundry) of London, England.[60]
The carillon has 53 bells ranging from 17 pounds (7.7 kg) to 24,000 pounds (11,000 kg) and was manufactured by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough, England in 1963. The bells are hung dead, meaning rigidly fixed, and are struck on the inside by hammers activated from the keyboard.[61]
Contemporary music
In 2016, under the leadership of then-Associate for Worship and Music, the Rev. Dr. Andrew K. Barnett, the Cathedral transformed its 9:00am Sunday Eucharist into a BAS Communion Service with both contemporary language and music. This meant regular collaborations with Barnett's Theodicy Jazz Collective. Following Barnett's departure in 2019 (to All Saints, Atlanta), GRAMMY-Award nominee Daryl L.A. Hunt joined the Cathedral as Associate Director of Music for Contemporary Worship where he expanded the Cathedral Band and focused the Cathedral's contemporary music offerings towards African American spirituals and contemporary ensemble music. Since March 2020, the Cathedral's Principal Sunday Eucharist at 11:15am has included a blend of contemporary and traditional music.
Burials
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2018) |
Several notable American citizens are buried in Washington National Cathedral and its columbarium:[62]
- Larz Anderson (ashes), diplomat, art collector. His wife Isabel Weld Perkins is entombed with him in the cathedral's St. Mary Chapel.
- Thomas John Claggett, first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland
- William Forman Creighton, fifth bishop of Washington
- Joseph E. Davies (ashes), diplomat, presidential adviser. He gave a stained-glass window in the cathedral in honor of his mother, Rachel Davies (Rahel o Fôn)
- George Dewey, United States Navy admiral
- Angus Dun (ashes), fourth bishop of Washington
- Philip H. Frohman (ashes), cathedral architect, following the death of Bodley
- United States Ambassador to Ireland
- Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky-Grant, granddaughter of President Ulysses S. Grant
- Alfred Harding, second Bishop of Washington
- Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State
- Helen Keller (ashes), author, lecturer, advocate for the blind and deaf
- John Raleigh Mott, evangelist and leader of the YMCA and World Christian Student Federation
- A.S. Mike Monroney (ashes), U.S. representative, senator
- Joe Allbritton, banker, publisher and philanthropist
- Norman Prince, fighter pilot, member of the Lafayette Escadrille flying corps
- Henry Y. Satterlee, first bishop of Washington
- Francis Bowes Sayre Jr. (ashes), dean of the cathedral and grandson of President Woodrow Wilson, also interred there
- Matthew Shepard (ashes), notable LGBT figure, victim of a hate crime[63][64]
- Truman administration
- Leo Sowerby (ashes), composer, church musician
- Anne Sullivan (ashes), tutor and companion to Helen Keller, first woman interred here
- Stuart Symington, U.S. senator, presidential candidate
- Henry Vaughan, architect, associate of Bodley
- John T. Walker, sixth bishop of Washington
- Thomas C. Wasson, diplomat and consul general for the United States in Jerusalem
- Isabel Weld Perkins (ashes), author, wife of Larz Anderson
- Edith Wilson, second wife of Woodrow Wilson and First Lady of the United States
- Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States. Wilson's tomb includes variants on the seal of the president of the United States and the coat of arms of Princeton University and Davidson College. Wilson is the only American president buried in the District of Columbia.
Schools
There are three private Episcopal schools on the grounds of Washington National Cathedral.
- Beauvoir School, a co-ed school serving preschool through 3rd grade
- St. Albans School, an all-boys school serving grades four through twelve
- National Cathedral School, an all-girls school serving grades four through twelve
In popular culture
The cathedral played a major role in The West Wing season 2 finale "Two Cathedrals." In a scene following the funeral of a major character, President Bartlet engages in a one-sided argument with God which seamlessly blends English and Latin dialogue.[65] The cathedral also makes appearances in the following movies: The Pelican Brief (1993), Lady-like (2017), and the short documentary The Stone Carvers (1984), which describes the construction of the cathedral.
See also
- List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States
- List of cathedrals in the United States
- All Hallows Guild Carousel
- Washington National Cathedral Police
- Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
- Church Center for the United Nations
- Architecture of Washington, D.C.
References
- ^ Episcopal Church (1990). Consecration of the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington: A Litany of Thanksgiving: Celebration of the Holy Eucharist ... : Sunday, September Thirtieth, Nineteen Hundred and Ninety, at Eleven O'clock. The Cathedral. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ The Episcopal Church Center (2011). "Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington". Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "Facts & Figures". Washington National Cathedral.
- ^ "Annual Report: Highlights". Washington National Cathedral. 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- Pierre L'Enfantenvisioned "a great church for national purposes" in his original plans for the city of Washington, but nothing came of the idea. After several meetings of leading Washington figures, including planning sessions in the home of Charles C. Glover, president of the Riggs Bank, the Protestant Episcopal Church Foundation was created on January 6, 1893, by Act of Congress, signed by President Benjamin Harrison.
- ^ "Member Institutions". Washington Theological Consortium. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
- ^ Clark, Jayne (June 21, 2007). "National Cathedral Celebrates Its Centennial". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018.
- ^ United States Secretary of State (1893). "An Act to incorporate the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia" (PDF). The Statutes At Large of the United States of America, From December, 1891, To March, 1893, And Recent Treaties, Conventions, and Executive Proclamations. United States Congress. p. 414. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
- ^ Morales, Teresa F. (2013). The Last Stone is Just the Beginning: A Rhetorical Biography of Washington National Cathedral (Thesis). Georgia State University.
- ^ Andrew Glass (September 29, 2018). "Foundation stone for Washington National Cathedral is laid, Sept. 29, 1907". POLITICO. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Presidential Funerals". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Cynthia (November 30, 2018). "Former President George HW Bush dies at 94; Trump designates Wednesday as national day of mourning, markets to close". CNBC. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Zeke; Lucey, Catherine (December 1, 2018). "Trumps to Attend State Funeral for George H.W. Bush". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
- ^ "Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services at Washington National Cathedral". Washington National Cathedral. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016.
- ^ "The 58th Presidential Inaugural Prayer Service". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ "Service for Helen Keller". Canberra Times. June 4, 1968. p. Page 5 col 1. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
Miss Keller's body was cremated today at a private ceremony. The ashes will be taken to Washington tomorrow and will be placed in a crypt in the cathedral following the service.
- ^ Hill, Retha (September 6, 1997). "Washington Says Goodbye to Diana". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ "Charles W. Colson Funeral". The Washington Post. May 16, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
- ^ "March for Our Lives Prayer Vigil". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
- ^ "Celebration of Life and Interment for Matthew Wayne Shepard".
- ^ Hubbard, Lauren (September 16, 2022). "All of the Living Former Presidents Have Been Invited to a Memorial for Queen Elizabeth". Town & Country. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ King, Martin Luther Jr. (March 31, 1968). Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution (Speech). Archived from the original on June 3, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011 – via mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu.
- ^ a b Kennedy, Suzanne (August 25, 2011). "D.C. Earthquake Damages National Cathedral, Washington Monument". WJLA-TV. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fandos, Nicholas (July 4, 2015). "National Cathedral's Repair Work: Finials, Finance and Faith". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Hill, Daniel (September 1, 2011). "National Cathedral Adds Safety Netting". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ a b Ruane, Michael E. (October 5, 2011). "Cathedral Seeks to Raise $25 Million". The Washington Post. p. B1.
- ^ Trescott, Jacqueline (February 2, 2011). "National Cathedral, Renwick Gallery Win Federal Funds". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ "Gary R. Hall Named Dean of Washington National Cathedral". The Episcopal Church. July 31, 2012. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ "National Cathedral Earthquake Repairs to Top $26 million". WJLA-TV. August 22, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Boorstein, Michelle (January 15, 2014). "National Cathedral Opens Worship Space to Free Classes and More to Boost Profile, Coffers". The Washington Post.
- ^ Marmer, Gerri (December 5, 2014). "Religion Events From Around the Washington Area". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Making Washington's National Cathedral Whole Again" (video). Fox News. April 5, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ^ Boorstein, Michelle (September 6, 2017). "Washington National Cathedral to remove stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Cathedral to Explore Racial Justice Through Public Forums, Arts, Worship". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
- ^ Budde, Mariann Edgar; Hollerith, Randolph Marshall; Donoghue, John (September 6, 2017). "Announcement on the Future of the Lee-Jackson Windows". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
- ^ Andone, Dakin (September 24, 2023). "Washington National Cathedral reveals new stained glass windows that replace those that honored Confederate generals". CNN. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ "Baxter Plans to Step Down as Dean of National Cathedral" (Press release). The Episcopal Church. January 23, 2003.
- ^ "The Very Rev. Samuel T. Lloyd III". Washington National Cathedral.
- ^ Murphy, Caryle (March 18, 2000). "Rockville Woman Leaves $15 Million to Cathedral". The Washington Post. p. B3 – via ProQuest Archiver.
- ^ "Washington, D.C.: Cathedral opens first underground bus garage in nation's capital" (Press release). The Episcopal Church. May 11, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ a b c Zongker, Brett (March 14, 2012). "National Cathedral's Preservation, Financial Needs Top $50 Million". Associated Press. Retrieved July 5, 2015 – via NBC4 Washington.
- ^ "History: National Cathedral Association". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Gowen, Annie (June 11, 2010). "National Cathedral finds itself in a bind". The Washington Post – via Boston.com.
- ^ Sullivan, Patricia (July 8, 2011). "The Very Rev. Samuel Lloyd, Dean of Washington National Cathedral, to Resign". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ "Bishop Payne Library Receives Large Collection of Rare Books from the Washington National Cathedral" (Press release). Virginia Theological Seminary. January 25, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ "Cathedral Age Fall/Winter 2021 Page 22". mydigimag.rrd.com. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
- ^ "About the Virginia Mae Center". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
- ^ "Organ Renovation". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
- ^ "The Space Window at the U.S. National Cathedral". Space.com. September 12, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
- ^ "Darth Vader 'Gargoyle'". Washington National Cathedral.
- ^ Graff, Garrett M. (2017). Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government's Secret Plan to Save Itself – While the Rest of Us Die. Simon & Schuster.
- ^ "High Altar". Washington National Cathedral.
- ^ Hollerith, Randy (May 23, 2016). "Hollerith Named Next Dean of National Cathedral". t St. James's Episcopal Church. Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ^ Rockett, Ali (May 23, 2016). "St. James's Episcopal Church rector named dean of Washington National Cathedral". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ^ "Worship at the Cathedral: Services Schedule". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ "Washington National Cathedral". American Guild of Organists: District of Columbia Chapter. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ a b c "Everything (and more) You Wanted to Know About the Cathedral Organ". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ Midgette, Anne (June 17, 2008). "Fans Pipe Up About Replacing Venerable Cathedral Organ". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
- ^ "The Organ Project". Washington National Cathedral. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
- ^ "Washington, Cath Ch of S Peter & S Paul". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- ^ "Carillon". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- OCLC 880900586.
- ^ Fortin, Jacey (October 11, 2018). "Matthew Shepard Will Be Interred at the Washington National Cathedral, 20 Years After His Death". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
- ^ Hauser, Christine (October 26, 2018). "Matthew Shepard Laid to Rest at National Cathedral Decades After His Murder". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
- ^ Saraiya, Sonia (May 21, 2014). "10 Episodes that Show the West Wing Was Drama First, Politics Second". The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
Bibliography
- Marjorie Hunt, The Stone Carvers: Master Craftsmen of Washington National Cathedral (Smithsonian, 1999).
- David Hein, Noble Powell and the Episcopal Establishment in the Twentieth Century. Foreword by Peter W. Williams. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2001; Eugene, Ore.: Wipf & Stock, 2007. Includes a chapter on Powell when he was dean of WNC and warden of the College of Preachers.
- Step by Step and Stone by Stone: The History of the Washington National Cathedral (WNC, 1990).
- A Guide to the Washington Cathedral (National Cathedral Association, 1945).
- Peter W. Williams, Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).
- Cathedral Age (magazine).
External links
- Geographic data related to Washington National Cathedral at OpenStreetMap
- Official website
- Episcopal Diocese of Washington
- Jay Hall Carpenter, gargoyle sculptor, 20 years at the cathedral
- What does Darth Vader have to do with the Cathedral?
- Outdoor sculptures at the Washington National Cathedral
- Washington National Cathedral Documentary produced by WETA-TV
- Three Things That Happened at the Nationals Cathedral – blog post by Ghosts of DC
- Video showing exterior and interior of the Cathedral from 2016