World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
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World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia | ||||||||
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Part of World War II in Yugoslavia | ||||||||
Map of Vardar Macedonia during World War II. The area was divided between Albania and Bulgaria and the frontier between them run approximately along the line: Struga – Tetovo – Gjilan – Vranje. (3 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days) | ||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||
LANÇ | Chetniks | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
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Strength | ||||||||
1,000 (1941) 2,000 (1942) 8,000 (Sep. 1944)[9][10] 66,000 (Dec. 1944)[11] 110,000 (April 1945)[12][unreliable source?] 340,000 Bulgarian soldiers in Southern Serbia and Vardar Macedonia (October – December 1944) |
~ 32,000 Bulgarian soldiers in Southern Serbia and Vardar Macedonia (May 1941 – September 1944)[13] ~8,000 Chetniks | |||||||
Casualties and losses | ||||||||
Total casualties: 24,000 By nationality: 7,000 Civilians, 1,000 Collaborationists, 11,000 Soldiers and Partisans 7,000 victims of Concentration Camps | ||||||||
History of North Macedonia |
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Chronological |
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Topical |
Related |
Lists and outlines |
North Macedonia portal |
World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia started with the
Initially pro-Bulgarian feelings ran high among the Macedonian Slavs, as there was no organised resistance because the majority of the Macedonian Slavs.
Resistance started to grow in 1943 with the capitulation of Italy and the Soviet victories over Nazi Germany.[20][21] The role of the Bulgarian communists, who avoided organizing mass armed resistance, was also a key factor.[22] Their influence over the Macedonian Committee remained dominant until 1943, when it became obvious that Germany and Bulgaria would be defeated.
At that time Tito's special emissary
After Bulgaria switched sides in the war
The operation was commonly called by the Yugoslav
Background
The Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, and the World War I (1914-1918) divided the region of Macedonia amongst the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia. The territory was up until that time part of the Ottoman Empire. In those days, the majority of the Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia considered themselves to be a part of the Bulgarian community.[27][28][29]
From 1912 until 1915 the territory of Vardar Macedonia remained within the territory of Serbia. In the parts administered by Serbia the new authorities forced out most of the Bulgarian priests and teachers, and began implementing a forceful state-sponsored Serbianisation of Slavic-speaking Macedonians. It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria during World War I between 1915 and 1918. Afterwards it was restored back to Serbia and consequently included as part of the Vardar Banovina in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During that period, there were two main autonomist agendas. The right-wing Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) led by Ivan Mihailov, was in favor of the creation of a pro-Bulgarian Macedonian state under German and Italian protection.
The leftist
During the interwar period in Vardar Macedonia, some young locals repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate Macedonian way of national development.[33] Nevertheless, the existence of considerable Macedonian national consciousness prior to the middle of the 1940s is disputed.[34][35][36] At that time anti-Serbian and pro-Bulgarian feelings among the local population prevailed.[37][38]
Occupation of Macedonia
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Fearing an invasion by the
Division Macedonian region of southern Yugoslavia
A division of Vardar Macedonia, then part of the Vardar Banovina, was drawn up on 19 and 20 April 1941. Bulgarian troops entered the central and eastern parts and seized most of the banovina, including parts of Eastern Serbia and Kosovo. The most prominent force which occupied most of the area was the 5th Army. The westernmost parts of Macedonia were occupied by the fascist Kingdom of Italy.
Collaborationist organizations
Bulgarian action committees – After the defeat of the Yugoslav army, a group of
Balli Kombëtar in Macedonia – There were 5,500 Balli Kombëtar militants in Albanian occupied Macedonia, 2,000 of which were Tetovo-based and 500 of which were based in Debar.[55]
Ivan Mihailov's IMRO in Macedonia – After the military
Serbian Chetnik Movement in Macedonia – There were approximately 8,000[57][58] Serb Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović operating in Macedonia during the conflict. For a time, they were controlled by rival Chetnik leader Kosta Pećanac.[citation needed]
1941
Local resistance under question
In 1941 the
First attempts
Because of this conflict within the RC of CPY in Macedonia, in Vardar Macedonia there was no resistance movement. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of
People loyal to the CPY were next appointed as leaders of the RC with Lazar Koliševski as a secretary.[63][page needed] He was sent in September in Skopje. The new leadership began formation of partisan detachments. Armed insurgents from the Prilep Partisan Detachment attacked Axis occupied zones in the city of Prilep, notably a Bulgarian police station, on 11 October 1941.[63][page needed] This date is considered to be the symbolic beginning of the Macedonian Resistance, which began at the latest compared to the other Yugoslav republics, where it began in July.[64] The Prilep detachment was active until December 1941, when it split in three groups – the first in Skopje, the second in Tikves, and the third in Bitola. However, in November the new leader of the RC - Koliševski was arrested and sentenced to death by a Bulgarian military court. He wrote two appeals for clemency to Bulgarian Tsar and to Defense Minister, insisting on his Bulgarian origin. As result his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and Koliševski was sent to a prison in Pleven, Bulgaria.
1942
Local resistance still under question
While the Sharlo's leadership was terminated, the vestiges of his policy among part of the local communist activists were preserved. After the arrest of
1943
Support from the CC of the CPY
Although several Macedonian partisan detachments were formed through 1942 which fought battles against the Bulgarian, Italian,
Formation of the Communist Party of Macedonia (CPM)
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The leadership of the Regional Committee of the CPY for Macedonia decided to establish a separate Macedonian Communist Party which would be representative of the will of the Macedonian people in the anti-fascist struggle for national liberation. The Communist Party of Macedonia (CPM) was formed on 19 March 1943 in Tetovo. The first Central Committee (CC of the CPM) was composed as of Yugoslav communists as Strahil Gigov, Kuzman Josifovski Pitu, Cvetko Uzunovski, Mara Naceva and Bane Andreev.[71][page needed]
After making a detailed analysis of the military and political situation in the country, the CC of the CPM decided to be directly involved in the fighting and to be stationed side by side with the troops on the battlefield. The territory of Vardar Macedonia was divided into five operative zones, and efforts were made to make direct contact with the liberation movements in Albania, Bulgaria and Greece.
Adding to the existing eleven, eight new Macedonian partisan detachments were formed in the summer of 1943 as more and more people entered the ranks of the partisans. They managed to create strongholds in the regions of
Formation of the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia
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The date of the creation of its first major unit, the Mirče Acev Battalion, is August 18, 1943 on Mount Slavej[72] between Ohrid and Kičevo, then in the Italian occupation zone. On 11 November 1943, the 1st Macedonian Kosovo Shock Brigade was formed in western Macedonia by merging two Vardar Macedonian and one Kosovo battalion. The second — larger ethnic Macedonian military unit was the 2nd Macedonian Shock Brigade, formed on 22 December 1943 just across the border in Greek Macedonia.[73] On 26 February 1944 in the village of Zegljane, near Kumanovo, the 3rd Macedonian Shock Brigade was formed. These three brigades were the nucleus of the National Liberation Army of Macedonia, which after constant battles became stronger in numbers. In the middle of 1943, meetings were held between representatives of the
Bulgarian actions in 1943
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Bulgaria managed to save its entire 48,000-strong Jewish population during World War II from deportation to Nazi concentration camps, but under German pressure those Jews from their newly annexed territories without Bulgarian citizenship were deported, such as those from Vardar Macedonia and Western Thrace.[75] The Bulgarian government was responsible for the roundup and deportation of over 7,000 Jews in Skopje and Bitola. The Bulgarian authorities created a special Gendarmerie force which received almost unlimited power to pursue the Communist partisans in the whole kingdom. The gendarmes became notorious for carrying out atrocities against captured partisans and their supporters[citation needed]. Harsh rule by the occupying forces and a number of Allied victories showing that the Axis might lose the war encouraged more Macedonians to support the Communist Partisan resistance movement of Josip Broz Tito.
Many former IMRO members assisted the Bulgarian authorities in fighting Tempo's partisans. With the help of the Bulgarian government and former IMRO members, several pro-Bulgarian paramilitary detachments (
1944 and aftermath
February Campaign
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The February march campaign of 1944 had a great political and moral impact. The whole Bulgarian 5th Army, all of the Bulgarian police, as well as the army regiments stationed in
Destruction of the Vardar Chetnik Corps
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At the end of January 1944, the High Command of the MNOV decided to launch an offensive, with the intention of destroying the VCC. On 29 February 1944 the partisans of the Third Macedonian Assault Brigade attacked the Chetnik flanks from north, west and south, while the Hristo Botev detachment hit the Chetniks from the east. In the battle for the village of Sejac, the Vardar Chetnik Corps was totally destroyed, suffering 53 casualties (46 shot by partisans and 7 drowned in the river Pčinja while attempting to flee). 97 Chetniks, including 5 officers, were captured in the action. On 3 March 1944 in the village of Novo Selo, Partisan fighters destroyed the remaining force, capturing 30 Chetniks and more than 100 rifles and ammunition. Various local Chetnik bands, decentralized and acting on their own accord, such as the Porech Chetniks, continued to operate in certain parts of Macedonia but they were generally scattered and disorganized.
Actions in northern Vardar Macedonia and south-eastern Serbia
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After the operations which ended with the destruction of the Chetniks in Macedonia, the HQ of the MNOV, now acting as supreme commander of the partisan units in Vardar Macedonia, Kosovo and South Morava, decided to engage in three new attacks on the Bulgarian police and administration. On 26 April 1944 the Third Macedonian Assault Brigade together with the Kosovo detachment successfully attacked the city of Ristovac, where 130 Bulgarian soldiers were killed and 20 captured by the Macedonian partisans. On 3 April 1944 the 3rd Macedonian Assault Brigade attacked the mining town of Zletovo, where about 100 miners entered the ranks of the brigade.
Spring Offensive
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Because of increased partisan activity, the main supply lines for the German Army group "E" stationed in Greece and Albania were constantly ambushed and at the same time, the HQ of the MNOV was making plans to liberate western Macedonia and sent the 1st Macedonian-Kosovo Assault Brigade there. Pushing towards Debarca, the 1st Macedonian-Kosovo Assault Brigade had clashes with the Bulgarians and Germans in Zavoj and Velmej. The Germans obtained reinforcements and on 8 May 1944 they counter-attacked. The fighting ended on 20 May 1944 with the Germans being pushed out of the region. After recapturing the Debarca area, more reinforcements became available, so the brigade was split in two brigades – the 1st Macedonian and 1st Kosovo Assault Brigades. In order to prevent the Germans and Bulgarians from taking total control of the action, the MNOV decided to make surprise attacks on enemy positions and to try to exhaust the enemy any way they could. The 2nd Macedonian Assault Brigade was sent to conduct several actions in Povardarie (central Macedonia) and Pelagonia near Prilep and Bitola.
ASNOM
On 2 August 1944, on the 41st anniversary of the
In spite of Tito's hopes to the contrary, the presiding committee of ASNOM was dominated by elements that were not known for their pro-Yugoslav sentiments. To the displeasure of those preferring joining the
А manifesto was written outlining the future plans of ASNOM for an independent Macedonian state and declaring the Macedonian language as the official language of Macedonia.
ASNOM was the governing body of Macedonia from its formation until the end of World War II.
"Maximalists" and "Minimalists"
The Manifesto of ASNOM eventually became a compromise between the "maximalists" and the "minimalists" – the unification of the Macedonian people was discussed and propagandized but the decision was ultimately reached that Vardar Macedonia would become a part of the new Communist Yugoslavia.
The proponents of the "maximalist" line were in favor of the creation of an independent United Macedonian state which would have ties with Yugoslavia, but not necessarily inclusion in a Yugoslav Federation. Proponents of this option included Metodija Andonov-Čento, as well as prominent figures of the former IMRO (United) such as Pavel Shatev, Panko Brashnarov, and others. They saw joining Yugoslavia as a form of Serbian dominance over Macedonia, and preferred membership in a Balkan Federation or else complete independence.[77]
Proponents of the "minimalist" line were also for the creation of a Macedonian state, but within the Yugoslavian federation.
These differences were visible in the ASNOM discussions, but they especially came into the open after the final liberation of Macedonia. It must be added that both "maximalist" and "minimalist" lines within the National Liberation Movement in Vardar Macedonia supported the existence of a separate Macedonian identity and were in favor of the creation of a separate state in which the Macedonian people would have their homeland. The greatest difference between the two lines was whether Macedonia should join Yugoslavia, or exist as an independent country.
Failed attempt to create Macedonian puppet state
By August 1944, the Soviet Army was approaching the Balkans. In a last-minute attempt to create a buffer state against the incoming Red Army, on 29 August, the Germans attempted to establish an
Bulgaria switching sides
In September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and occupied part of the country. A coup d'état on 9 September led to Bulgaria joining the Soviets.[91][92] A day earlier Bulgaria had declared war on Nazi Germany. This turn of events put Bulgarian divisions stationed in Macedonia in a difficult situation. German troops had closed round them, while their command was being nonplussed by the high treason of some staff officers, who had deserted to the German side. The withdrawing Bulgarian troops in Macedonia fought their way back to the old borders of Bulgaria.[93] Josip Broz formed relations with the new pro-Communist authorities in Bulgaria.[94] After Bulgaria switching sides to the Allies negotiations between Tito and the Bulgarian Communist leaders were organized in September–October 1944, resulting in a military alliance between the Yugoslav forces and Bulgaria.[95][96] That was followed by demobilization of the Macedonian recruits, who formed as much as 40% – 60% of the soldiers in some Bulgarian battalions.[97] As a result, the Gotse Delchev brigade was set up and equipped in Sofia by the Bulgarian government providing the basis for the deployment of considerable Yugoslav troops in Vardar Macedonia.[98]
Final operations for the liberation of Macedonia
Bulgarian Army
Under the leadership of the new Bulgarian pro-Soviet government, four Bulgarian armies, 455,000 strong in total, were mobilized and reorganized. By the end of September, the Red Army
Macedonian partisans
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After the German retreat, forced by the Soviet-Bulgarian offensive in Serbia, North Macedonia and Kosovo in the autumn of 1944, the conscription increased significantly. In October 1944 more new brigades were formed: In Veles, Skopje and Kumanovo regions, the new 12th, 16th and 18th Assault Brigades were formed; in eastern Macedonia the 13th, 14th, 19th, 20th and 21st Assault Brigades;
Aftermath
Chronological composition by the number of the members of MNLA was as follows:[115]
Late 1941 | Late 1942 | September 1943 | Late 1943 | August 1944[9][10] | Late 1944[116] | |
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Macedonia | 1,000 | 2,000 | 10,000 | 7,000 | 8,000 | 66,000 |
The total number of casualties in Macedonia from World War II was approximately 24,000, as follows: 7,000 Jews, 6,000 Serbians, 6,000 ethnic Macedonians, 4,000 Albanians and 1,000 Bulgarians.[117] This includes around 3,000 "collaborationists", "counter-revolutionaries" and civilian victims, 7,000 Jews exterminated in concentration camps, and 14,000 resistance fighters and soldiers. According to Bogoljub Kočović the relative number of war losses was the lowest among the Macedonians, compared to the other ethnic groups in Yugoslavia:[118]
Ethnicity | |
---|---|
Relative loss | |
Jews | 77.9% |
Roma | 31.4% |
Montenegrins | 10.4% |
Serbs | 6.9% |
Muslims | 6.8% |
Croats | 5.4% |
Germans | 4.8% |
Slovenes | 2.5% |
Albanians | 1% |
Hungarians | 1% |
Macedonians | 0.9% |
According to a Yugoslav census from 1966 on the casualties of the war, the ethnic Macedonian victims were 6,724.[119] They are result from different reasons as follows:
Reason for death | |
---|---|
Number of victims | |
Paramilitary, military and police terror. (Possibly here is included also part from the victims of then communists' repressions.)[120] | 1,427 (ca. 1,200) |
Soldiers who died from October 1944 to May 1945. (Most of them on the Srem Front in 1945.)[121] |
3,548 (ca. 2,500) |
Victims of Allied air-raids and bombings | 811 |
In internment | 87 |
Prisoners | 205 |
In deportation | 70 |
In April War of 1941 |
266 |
Other reasons | 49 |
Unclear circumstances | 67 |
Partisans killed from October 1941 to October 1944. Most of them in Albanian zone.[122] | 81 |
POWs | 90 |
Forced labor | 23 |
Total number | 6,724 |
Despite Bulgaria's significant involvement on the side of the Allies at the end of the war,
After the war for the first time in history, the Macedonian people managed to obtain their statehood, nation and language. These events marked the defeat of the
Controversy
Communist repressions
After the liberation the
The new leadership of the People's Republic of Macedonia headed by Lazar Kolishevski confirmed the decisions of AVNOJ, and Macedonia joined Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia eventually all became part of the
Manipulation of historical events
By their invasion in 1941, the Bulgarians were greeted by most of the locals as liberators from
On the other hand, the glorification of the Yugoslav Partisan movement became one of the main components of the post-war communist political propaganda. Despite that, before the autumn of 1944, the Macedonian Partisans were not significant military force. Their activity did not differ from the typically Balkan "
For example, according to Macedonian sources Bulgarians did not participate in the operations for the
Subsequently, a lot of Partisan monuments and memorials were built in SR Macedonia. Meanwhile, ca. 3,000 Bulgarian victims buried in different cemeteries in Yugoslavia, were collected in two ossuaries – in Nis and in Vukovar. The rest from the military cemeteries, including all of them in North Macedonia, were obliterated. Some of the Bulgarian victims were returned and buried in Bulgaria.[172] In general 3,422 Bulgarian soldiers were killed and 2,136 were missing in the autumn of 1944 in Southern Serbia, North Macedonia and Kosovo.[173]
Modern references
According to the Bulgarian Association for Research and Development of Civil Society, the 2016 WW2 Macedonian film
See also
- List of World War II monuments and memorials in the Republic of Macedonia
- Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II
- Anti-partisan operations in World War II
- Seven anti-Partisan offensives
- Macedonian Question
- Military history of Albania during World War II
- Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
- Military history of Germany during World War II
- Military history of Italy during World War II
- Military history of the Republic of Macedonia
- Timeline of World War II
- Titoism
References
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- ^ Soviet arrogance was evident at all levels of the Red Army, beginning with its commander in chief. Stalin told Tito at a meeting that the Bulgarian army (which switched sides in the war in September 1944) was superior to Partisans, praising the professionalism of its officers. This was a pure provocation from the Soviet leader. The Bulgarians were Partisan wartime foes, and regardless of whether it was true, Stalin meant to put the assertive Yugoslav leadership in its place by insulting Tito's proudest achievement: his army. Furthermore, the Red Army's operational maps often excluded Partisan units, indicating the command's failure to even acknowledge that Yugoslavs played any role in the defeat of the Germans in the country. Further below in the chain of command, Partisan commanders had to appeal to the Red Army's political departments to include in their public statements the fact that Belgrade was liberated jointly by the Red Army and Partisans and not just by the Soviets, as well as to cease treating the Partisans as unknowledgeable and as a second-rate army. For more see: Majstorović, Vojin. “The Red Army in Yugoslavia, 1944–1945.” p. 414 in Slavic Review, vol. 75, no. 2, 2016, pp. 396–421. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5612/slavicreview.75.2.396. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.
- ^ The eastern parts of Yugoslavia were the site of savage fighting between October and December 1944, as the German Army Group E tried to force its way out of an almost desperate situation it had found itself in following the evacuation of Greece. Against all odds, this huge German formation managed to best three Allied armies, rugged terrain, and autumn rains and reach the relative safety of the Independent State of Croatia, where it joined the remainder of the Axis front in the Balkans. Although this dramatic episode had been extensively written about in the former Yugoslavia and Germany, it received next to no attention in the English-speaking academic community. The article at hand will provide an overview and an analysis of military operations based on a wide plethora of primary and secondary sources of all sides. It will also argue that the ultimate success of the breakthrough was as much due to the unwillingness of the Soviet high command to devote more resources to the Balkan Front, and the structural weaknesses of the Bulgarian and Yugoslav Partisans' armies, as it was to the battlefield prowess of the Wehrmacht. For more see: Gaj Trifković (2017) 'The German Anabasis': The Breakthrough of Army Group E from Eastern Yugoslavia 1944, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 30:4, 602-629, DOI: 10.1080/13518046.2017.1377014 .
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- ^ "Историја на Македонскиот Народ" Александар Стојановски, Иван Катарџиев, Данчо Зографски. Скопје, 1988
- ^ Popovski 1962.
- ^ Stojanovski, Katardžiev & Zografski 1988.
- ^ Пандо Младенов, Във и извън Македония. Спомени, Македонска трибуна, стр. 58.
- ^ The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ^ "Beсник "Вест", Година:1 Број:215 Сабота 3/24/2001". Archived from the original on 16 October 2005. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ a b Spyridon Sfetas – Autonomist Movements of the Slavophones in 1944. The Attitude of the Communist Party of Greece and the Protection of the Greek-Yugoslav Border, pg. 7 [2]
- ^ Ченто беше за обединета Македонија под протекторат на Америка: Советски документи за дејноста на претседателот на заседанието на АСНОМ [3] Archived 30 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 45
- ISBN 0-312-12116-4, pp. 151–152.
- ^ Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 45-6.
- ^ Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 47
- ^ Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 41-51
- ^ a b Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 48
- ^ Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 49.
- ^ Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 49-50.
- ^ a b Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p. 50.
- ISBN 3486580507, S. 234.
- ^ James Minahan. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States (Greenwood Press, 1998), p. 178
- ^ Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Коста Църнушанов, Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992 г. стр. 260-261.
- ^ Ziemke, Earl F. Army Historical Series, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East, The Balkan Peninsula U.S. Army Center of Military History
- ^ A short history of modern Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, CUP Archive, 1987, SBN 0521273234, p. 147
- ISBN 0-8117-3371-8, pp. 197–207.
- ISBN 1-86064-624-7, p. 76.
- ISBN 0-8133-8997-6, p. 60.
- ^ The Macedonian question and the Yugoslav-Bulgarian relations (1944–1948). Dobrin Michev, Sofia University publishing house, Sv. Kliment Ochridski, 1994, p. 378.
- ^ Участие на Българската армия във Втората Световна война. Participation of the Bulgarian army in World War II Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Official site of the Military Academy
- ^ International review of military history, Issue 60, International Committee of Historical Sciences, 1984, p. 228.
- ISBN 1597970107, p. 170.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-860446-7, p. 134.
- ].
- ISBN 1-4358-9132-5, p. 77.
- ^ ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, p. 168.
- ISBN 1-4191-6206-3, p . 184.
- ^ ISBN 954-621-235-0, стр. 560–569.
- ^ Im Schatten des Krieges: Besatzung oder Anschluss – Befreiung oder Unterdrückung?; eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915–1918 und 1941–1944, Björn Opfer, LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, s. 208.
- ^ a b Dr. Ivan Yanev Bulgaria's Foreign Policy During the Second World War as Reflected in Bulgarian Historic Literature 1938–1944 Варна, 2006 Издателство "Литернет" [4]
- ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, pp. 751–752.
- ISBN 0-16-079422-6, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Военно-исторически сборник, Volume 64, Issues 1-3, Армия. Щаб. Военно-историческа комисия, Bulgaria. Министерство на народната отбрана, Институт за военна история, Военно-историческа комисия при Щаба на армията, 1995, стр. 162.
- ^ "Strumica in WW2". Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
- ISBN 0-271-00315-4, p. 151.
- ^ д-р Марјан Димитријевски „Македонската војска 1944-1945“, Скопје, ИНИ, 1999 г., стр. 194-199
- ISBN 954-509-332-3.
- ISBN 0-89096-760-1, p 96.
- ^ The Slavonic and East European review, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1991, p. 304.
- ^ Kočović, Bogoljub (1985). Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji [World War II Victims in Yugoslavia] (in Serbian). Naše delo, p. 126.
- ^ Žrtve rata 1941-1945; rezultati popisa [Casualties of war, 1941-1945; results of the census] (PDF in Serbo-Croatian; pp. 16-23.). Belgrade: Federal Bureau of Statistics. 1966.
- ISBN 186064841X, p. 40.
- ISBN 1538119625, p. 230.
- ISBN 3832939695, p. 511.
- ]
- ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, pp. 751–752.
- ISBN 0-16-079422-6, pp. 82–83.
- ISBN 0-16-079422-6, pp. 82–83.
- ISBN 9780817948832, p. 189.
- ^ Методија Андонов – Ченто, Mакедонски Народен Трибун. Ристе Бунтески. Скопје. 2002.
- ISBN 3486580507, p. 247.
- ISBN 1498585051, p. 83.
- ^ Гоцев, Димитър. Новата национално-освободителна борба във Вардарска Македония 1944-1991 г., София, 1998, Македонски Научен Институт, стр. 17.
- ^ Коста Църнушанов, "Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него", София, Унив. издателство Св. Климент Охридски, 1992, стр. 388-340.
- ^ Не му се судеше на Ченто, му се судеше на АСНОМ. Урнати табуата за Методија Андонов Ченто.[6] Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 1556557698, p. 50.
- ^ Indiana Slavic Studies, Volume 10; Volume 48; Indiana University publications: Slavic and East European series. Russian and East European series, 1999, p. 75.
- ISBN 0801421861, p. 203.
- ^ World Investment News Macedonia, Historical Events
- ^ Unet.com.mk Uprising!
- ISBN 3034301960, p. 84.
- ISBN 0-8108-5565-8, pp. 15-16.
- ^ Goli Otok: the island of death : a diary in letters by Venko Markovski, New York, Columbia University Press, 1984
- ^ Zoran Todorovski, "Humanosta na makedonskiot komunizam," Utrinski vesnik, 2 February 2006.
- ISBN 0-275-97648-3, p. 104.
- ^ Тодор Атанасовски, Тито ја сакал Македонија како држава;списание Глобус; 01.12.2009 г.
- ISBN 0691188432, p. 134.
- ISBN 0810872021, p. 485.
- ISBN 0857721216, p. 105.
- ISBN 1850656630, p. 119.
- ISBN 0191528722, p. 179.
- ISBN 113479844X, p. 51.
- ISBN 1-85065-492-1, p. 67.
- ^ Димитров, Пламен, Установяване на българската държавна власт в Скопска и Битолска област през 1941 г., Военноисторически сборник, 1998, бр. 5, стр. 66–76.
- ^ Димитров, Пламен, Рекрутиране и функциониране на българската администрация в Скопска и Битолска област 1941–1944 г. във Втората световна война и Балканите, София 2002, стр. 188–203.
- ^ Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Коста Църнушанов, Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992 г. стр. 206.
- ^ Македонска Енциклопедија, МАНУ, Скопје, 2009, Том I (А - Л), стр. 76.
- ISBN 978-954-509-407-1, стр. 9.
- ISBN 1135193886, p. 766.
- ^ Стенографски белешки от Тринаесеттото продолжение на Четиринаесеттата седница на Собранието на Република Македонија, одржана на 17 јануари 2007 година.
- ISBN 3034301960, p. 109.
- ^ Петър Ненков, Спасяването на българските войници в Охрид през есента на 1944г. във Втората световна война. ноември 25, 2020, PRzone.
- ISBN 978-954-509-407-1, стр. 173-174.
- ISBN 0191528722, pp. 118-141.
- ISBN 1443888494, p. 212.
- ^ Karl Hnilicka: Das Ende auf dem Balkan 1944/45 – Die militärische Räumung Jugoslaviens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht, Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1970. (Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Band 13) ìn German; pp. 90-91; 95.
- ISBN 1597970107, p. 170: "November 13, 1944: Greece, land war. The Bulgarian First Army ejects Army Group E from Skopje although, as most Axis forces have left Greece, this does not trap the army group."
- ^ Stone & Ston; An online database of World War II, books and information on the Web since 1995: War Diary for Monday, 13 November 1944: German forces withdraw from Skopje as Bulgarian 1st Army advances. Bulgarian 1st Army captures Skopje. Southern flank of the Russian Front, 1944-1945; Balkan campaigns, the Aegean, and the Adriatic, 1942-1945.
- ISBN 0752439383, p. 155. ..."By the late autumn of 1944, however, the Germans could no longer hold their base in Macedonia and they had to evacuate Skopje on 13 November, bringing covert operations against "Old Bulgaria" to a momentary hold."...
- ^ Sfetas, Spyridon. "The Bulgarian-Yugoslav Dispute over the Macedonian Question as a Reflection of the Soviet-Yugoslav Controversy (1968-1980)". Balcanica. 2012. 241-271. 10.2298/BALC1243241S... "Indeed, the Soviets contributed heavily to Belgrade's liberation in October 1944, and Bulgarians, though undesirable for the Yugoslav partisans, fought in the battles for the liberation Skopje in November 1944."
- ^ Biography of Major-General Walter Hayes Oxley (1891 – 1978) on Generals.dk.
- ^ Per Oxley Skopje was seized after weak German resistance with Bulgarian Army concentric attacks, while the partisans stood waiting on the surrounding hills. They went just in time to support the Bulgarian entry into the city. The Bulgarians retained the POW-s, but they submitted the abandoned from the Germans weapons to the Tito's partisans. Georgi Daskalov, Bulgarian-Yugoslav political relations, 1944-1945, Kliment Ohridski University Press, 1989, p. 114; (in Bulgarian).
- ^ The first unit, which entered at 6.30pm Skopje, already left from the Germans under the pressure of the Bulgarian army, was the reconnaissance platoon of the Second infantry division of the 4th Bulgarian army. For the liberation of Skopje contributed also detachments of the Second infantry division of the First Bulgarian Army. They forced the withdrawing Nazi detachments to retreat the city and on November 13th at 11pm took under their control the southern and the southeastern areas of the city. At the midnight they seized also its center. Georgi Daskalov, Bulgarian-Yugoslav political relations, 1944-1945, Kliment Ohridski University Press, 1989, p. 113; (in Bulgarian).
- ^ Иво Антонов, началник на отдел „Военни паметници и военно-патриотично възпитание“ при МО: Гробовете на нашите войници в Македония са заличени съзнателно. В-к „Труд“, 05.11.2016 г.
- ^ Йордан Величков, България срещу Третия райх, 22 юни 2015, Епицентър.
- ^ Stavroula Mavrogeni, Public Art in FYROM: From Tito to Alexander the Great, pp. 66; in Macedonian Studies Journal - Volume 2, 2015, Issue 1, pp. 63-74.
- ^ Македония с нов филм против българската окупация (трейлър); OFFNews.bg 27.09.2016.
- ^ Macedonian film infuriates Bulgaria. EURACTIV.com 28.10.2011.
- ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia's EU Progress Skopje. BIRN; 10 October 2019.
- ^ Bulgaria blocks EU accession talks with North Macedonia. Nov 17, 2020, National post.
- ^ Зоран Заев: Договорът с България ще бъде закон. Меdiapool публикува интервюто на Любчо Нешков, собственик на информационната агенция БГНЕС. 25 November, 2020; Mediapool.bg.
- ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic, North Macedonia PM's Remarks About History Hit a Nerve. BIRN, November 26, 2020.
- ^ VMRO-DPMNE leader Mickoski demands PM Zaev's resignation, announces more protests. MIA, 26 November, 2020 Archived 19 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Любчо Георгиевски: Хората са шокирани от Заев, защото не познават миналото. Епицентър, 28 ноем. 2020.
- ^ Владо Бучковски: Македонците съществуват от 1944 година, българите са по-стар народ. 2 дек. 2020, Епицентър.
Sources
- Bulajić, Danilo; Ćurčić, Jovan; Damjanović, Verica; Ilijev, Bogoljub; Ljumović, Pavle; Katanić, Petar; Kovačević, Stevan (1980). Leksikon Narodnooslobodilačkog rata i revolucije u Jugoslaviji 1941—1945. tom II. Belgrade and Ljubljana: Narodna knjiga—Partizanska knjiga.
- Schubert, Gabriella; Otto, Harrassowitz Verlag (2005). Makedonien: Prägungen und Perspektiven. pp. 45–50.
External links
Comprehensive historic overview
- Macedonia During World War II Archived 4 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Miscellaneous
- Im Schatten des Krieges. Besatzung oder Anschluss – Befreiung oder Unterdrückung?. Eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915–1918 und 1941–1944 Reihe: Studien zur Geschichte, Kultur und Gesellschaft Südosteuropas Jahr: 2005 ISBN 3-8258-7997-6
- "Ko čelik sme nie" Archived 12 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine – Battle March of the Third Macedonian Schock Brigade (composed by Panče Pešev and written by Aco Šopov)[dead link]