National Public Health Laboratory (Sudan)
Arabic: معمل استاك)[1] | |
Affiliations | Ministry of Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum |
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Website | www |
Map | |
The National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) (
In 1969, the name changed to National Public Health Laboratories, by which time it was a significant medical research hub, affiliated with the Sudan Medical Research Council. The laboratory's role expanded to conducting diagnostics, vaccine production, and research on malaria and yellow fever. The laboratory is a centre for medical education, training, and research. In the 2020s, the laboratory faced severe challenges during the Sudanese revolution and the War in Sudan, forcing a relocation to Port Sudan due to war-induced destruction.
Location
The National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) occupies a distinguished location in the heart of the capital, Khartoum, spread over a large area, bordered to the west by the Sudan Railway headquarters, to the west by the Republican Palace Street in central Khartoum, and to the north it is adjacent to the Khartoum Teaching Hospital and the Khartoum Oncology Hospital.[2]
History
The Stack Medical Research Laboratories were a branch of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories (1903–1935),
The laboratory initially housed the bacteriological unit of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, later becoming an essential part of the Sudan Medical Service by 1 April 1935, with Eric S. Horgan serving as assistant director of Research.
In 1949, Horgan retired from his position and was replaced by Robert Kirk who received the Chalmers Medal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 1943.[7] The same year witnesses the creation of the Sudanese Ministry of Health .[10] Kirk's research mainly focused on prevalent Sudanese diseases like leishmaniasis, relapsing fever, and yellow fever. He later became a full-time professor of pathology at the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Khartoum in 1952 was succeeded by Mansour Ali Haseeb who became the first Sudanese director of the laboratory.[7]
Haseeb, who is considered the "Godfather Of Sudan's Laboratory Medicine",[11][12][13] conducted research on various endemic diseases and collaborated on successful experiments regarding smallpox vaccine production.[14] Together with researchers from the Rockefeller Foundation, Haseeb conducted serological surveys on yellow fever in 1954.[15] Haseeb also introduced a unified policy for training laboratory assistants across the country and the initiation of a technician training program in 1953.[7] In 1960, the United States Naval Medical Research Unit Three initiated a comprehensive investigation on visceral leishmaniasis in the Bahr El Ghazal Province, which continued until 1964.[7]
In 1963, Haseeb left Stack to become a professor of Microbiology and Parasitology,[16][17] and the first Sudanese Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Khartoum.[18][19] He was succeeded by Mohamed Hamad Satti.[16][17] Satti conducted extensive studies on leishmaniasis, hepatitis A, and various other prevailing diseases. Within the laboratories, he formulated plans for training Bachelor of Science graduates in the United Kingdom in biomedical subjects such as schistosomiasis and entomology. Theses produced by these graduates, along with others, were beneficial for research initiatives supported by the Sudanese Ministry of Health.[7]
In 1968,[17] Satti was replaced by Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Ziada, who engaged in research and standard procedures at the laboratory until their relocation to the newly constructed facilities named The National Health Laboratory in April 1969. Ziada served as director until 1973.[7]
Plans to expand and reorganise the Stack Medical Research Laboratories started in the 1960s with construction starting in 1964. The National Public Health Laboratories commenced operations in April 1969. Situated adjacent to the old Stack Medical Research Laboratories buildings, the new five-story structure spans approximately 9,000 square metres (97,000 sq ft). The construction of these national public health laboratories amounted to a little over two million dollars, funded by the Government.[7]
In 2019, the NPHL announced plans to establish a national policy and standards for laboratories in Sudan, supported by the World Health Organization as the laboratory sought WHO recognition for specific diseases and plans widespread quality system training. The initiative involves various sectors and focuses on improving service conditions to retain staff.[20]
Sudanese revolution
During the
On 17 March 2022, the Sudanese Doctor Syndicate announced that a force from the
The next day Member of the Transitional Sovereignty Council and Chairman of the Supreme Committee for Health Emergencies, Abdel-Baqi Abdel-Qader Al-Zubair, accompanied by the Acting Governor of Khartoum, Ahmed Othman Hamza, made a visit to the NPHL and asked for the facilities to be protected and secured. He stopped short from condemning the attach and called the attackers as a small faction that does not be represent all regular forces. Abdel Baqi revealed that investigations will clarify those responsible for this action, so that they will be held accountable as a matter of urgency.[23]
The following day, the Resistance Committees at the NPHL joined the Sudanese Resistance Committees' strike. They demand the withdrawal of armed personnel from health facilities, refused services to armed forces, and sought protection laws for medical facilities.[22][25]
War in Sudan (2023–present)
On 25 April 2023 and during the
On 27 August 2023, the WHO delivered essential equipment and resources to the Ministry of Health. This support was aimed at enhancing the capacities of the Public Health Laboratory in Port Sudan, Red Sea State, intending to elevate it to the status of the National Public Health Laboratory. The shift was necessary because the NPHL in Khartoum had been non-operational since April 2023 due to the conflict. The laboratory's vital functions are crucial, especially during the rainy season, when the increased risk of floods and disease outbreaks demands enhanced public health emergency preparedness and response capabilities.[30]
Since 8 September 2023, the NPHL moved from Khartoum to Port Sudan, east of the country, as a result of it being subjected to sabotage and destruction due to the war that has been going on there since last April 15. It has begun analysing and culturing epidemiological samples transferred from other states of the country.[31][32][33]
Function
The NPHL accommodates various departments, including
Activities at the NPHL encompassed teaching medical students and auxiliary staff, conducting routine diagnostic work and vaccine preparation, and researching endemic and epidemic diseases,
Directors
- 1935 – 1949 Eric S. Horgan[7]
- 1949 – 1952 Robert Kirk[7]
- 1952 – 1963 Mansour Ali Haseeb[16]
- 1963 – 1968 Mohamed Hamad Satti[17]
- 1968 – 1973 Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Ziada[7]
- 2014 – 2019 Abdullah Abdul Karim[20][37]
- 2020 Abu Baker Ibrahim (acting)[38][39]
- 2021 Fathia Adam Muhammad Saleh[40]
- 2022 – Shahinaz Bedri[26][41]
Notes
References
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- ^ Qurei, Ahmed (2022-11-09). "عمره مئة عام وأنشئ بسبب اغتيال لواء بريطاني.. قصة أقدم معمل لأبحاث الدم في السودان" [It is a hundred years old and was established due to the assassination of a British general. The story of the oldest blood research laboratory in Sudan]. Arabic Post.
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- ^ "نقل أعباء "إستاك" إلى معهد "النيل الأزرق" في مدني". الترا سودان | Ultra Sudan (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
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- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36230. Retrieved 10 February 2009. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "John Wilson Edington Miller". Durham University. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ^ "Health Research Library - History of Health Research in Sudan". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
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- ^ "Reconnaissance for Yellow Fever in the Nuba Mountains, Southern Sudan". Medicine on Screen. 2018-06-20. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-0964-3574-7. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
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- ^ Division, Pakistan Health (1966). Annual Report of the Director General Health. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
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- ^ a b "تنسيقيات "استاك" تعلن الاضراب وتمنع دخول النظاميين والارتكاز بحرم المعمل | تسامح نيوز" (in Arabic). 2022-03-20. Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
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- ^ رمضان, ندى (2022-03-20). "تنسيقيات "استاك" تعلن الإضراب وتمنع دخول النظاميين والارتكاز بحرم المعمل". صحيفة مداميك (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
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- ^ "Sudan crisis: WHO warns of biological hazard at seized lab". BBC News. 2023-04-25. Archived from the original on 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
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- ^ التالي, صحيفة اليوم (2023-09-08). "" استاك" يبدا في "تزريع"العينات الوبائية المحولة ببورتسودان". اخبار السودان (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
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