National Radical Camp

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National Radical Camp
Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny
LeaderJan Mosdorf[a]
Bolesław Piasecki[b]
Henryk Rossman[c]
Founded14 April 1934; 89 years ago (14 April 1934)[1]
Banned10 July 1934; 89 years ago (10 July 1934)[2]
Split fromNational Party[3][4]
MembershipSteady 5,000 (1937 est.)[5]
IdeologyNational-radicalism [pl]
Roman Catholicism
Colours  Green   White
Party flag

  1. ^ (National Radical Camp)
  2. National Radical Movement Falanga [pl
    ]
    )
  3. ^ (National Radical Camp ABC [pl])

The National Radical Camp (

anti-communist,[9] and nationalist political party formed on 14 April 1934 mostly by the youth radicals who left the National Party of the National Democracy movement.[9]

Shortly after its creation ONR split into two branches: the National Radical Movement Falanga (Polish: Ruch Narodowo Radykalny-Falanga; RNR-Falanga or ONR-Falanga), and National Radical Camp ABC (Polish: Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny ABC; ONR-ABC). "Falanga" is Polish for "phalanx", "ABC" refers to a newspaper printed by the organisation at the time.

Since 1993, an organization exists in Poland that has adopted the name ONR, following its ideology and traditions.

First incarnation (1934)

The party was influenced by the ideas of

parliamentary democracy and called for the construction of a "national state," based on the principles of hierarchy, one-person leadership, and elimination of national minorities from public life.[11]

Dominated by youth, National Radical Camp was an outgrowth of the

eliminationist, ONR's members were responsible for an increase in antisemitic violence after 1935.[13]

The party was created on the insistence of former members of the

The ONR was mostly supported by students and other groups of urban youth. ONR openly encouraged

ONR-ABC (Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny) formed around the ABC journal and led by Henryk Rossman.[9] Both organizations were officially illegal.[9]

During World War II

During

enemies of the state
.

Falanga

Formation and ideology

The RNR-Falanga was formed in the spring of 1935 following a split by members of the National Radical Camp held in

Detention Camp Bereza Kartuska. Adopting the name of Oboz Narodowo-Radykalny (National Radical Camp), it soon became known as Falanga after the title of its journal (the rival group would also soon be named after its own journal, thus becoming known as National Radical Camp-ABC).[17]

The Falanga was led by

Catholic totalitarianism' inspired by Spanish Falangism[citation needed]. However, although clearly derived from Falangism, it has been argued that their Catholicism was even more central than that of the Spanish group[18] and indeed their pronouncement that "God is the highest form of man" recalled the religious fanaticism of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu.[19] The group is widely considered to have been a fascist movement.[17][20][21] Harshly critical of capitalism and supportive of removing citizenship rights from Poland's Jews[17] it presented itself as the vanguard of the opposition to Józef Piłsudski.[17]

Development

Largely based on university campuses, the Falanga followed a policy of

anti-Semitism and although it had few members,[9] from its power bases in schools it attempted to launch attacks on Jewish students and businesses.[22] Left-wing activists were also as part of this violent activity.[17]

The group soon came under scrutiny from the Polish government. Indeed, unlike similar movements in other European countries that regularly held public rallies, the ONR-Falanga held only two such gatherings, in 1934 and 1937, both of which were quickly broken up by the police.[21]

For a time the movement became associated with the Camp of National Unity (Polish: Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego, OZN) as Colonel Adam Koc, impressed by the organisation of the ONR-Falanga, placed Piasecki in charge of the OZN youth group. Koc called for the creation of a one-party state and hoped to use the youth movement to ensure this although his pronouncements upset many pro-government moderates. As such, Koc was removed from the leadership of the OZN in 1938 and replaced by General Stanisław Skwarczyński who quickly severed any ties to the ONR-Falanga.[23]

Disappearance

As a Polish nationalist movement the RNR-Falanga opposed the

far right views.[17]

However, following the establishment of a communist government in 1945, Piasecki was allowed to lead the PAX Association (Polish: Stowarzyszenie PAX), a supposedly Catholic organisation that was in fact a front group of the NKVD which aimed to promote the new communist regime to Poland's Catholics whilst turning them away from the Vatican.[24]

ABC

The ONR-ABC was the second splinter group besides Falanga founded by Henryk Rossman.

See also

References

  1. ^ 1935 (Falanga & ABC)
  2. ^ (Banned by a decree of the Polish government)
    1939 (Falanga & ABC)
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference RudnickiONR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ISBN 9788377857472.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. .
  6. ^ Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-1945, London: Routledge, 2001, p. 262.
  7. ^ Historia ONR www.wyborcza.pl.
  8. ^ Christian Davies (11 November 2018). "Poland's president addresses far right at independence march". Guardian.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (in Polish) Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny Archived 30 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine WIEM Encyklopedia
  10. .
  11. ^ .
  12. ^ Martin Blinkhorn (2000). Fascism and the Right in Europe 1919-1945 (2013 ed.). Routledge. p. 53.
  13. ^ .
  14. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research
  15. ^ Wapiński 1980, 308.
  16. ^ Ajnenkiel 1974, 226.
  17. ^ a b c d e f C.P. Blamires, World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-Clio, 2006, p. 523
  18. ^ Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-1945, London: Routledge, 2001, p. 262
  19. ^ Payne, A History of Fascism, pp. 321-2
  20. ^ P. Davies & D. Lynch, The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right, London: Routledge, 2002. p. 324
  21. ^ a b Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland Volume 2: 1795 to the Present, Columbia University Press, 1982, p. 262
  22. ^ J.W. Borejsza, "East European Perceptions of Italian Fascism", S. U. Larsen, B. Hagtvet & J. P. Myklebust, Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism, Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, 1980, p. 358
  23. ^ Payne, A History of Fascism, p. 322
  24. ^ Davies, God's Playground, p. 579

Further reading

External links