National Socialist Underground
National Socialist Underground | |
---|---|
Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund | |
Also known as | NSU |
Leader | Uwe Mundlos, Uwe Böhnhardt and Beate Zschäpe |
Dates of operation | 2001-2010 |
Country | Germany |
Ideology | Neo-Nazism White supremacy Xenophobia German nationalism Ultranationalism |
Political position | Far-right |
Major actions | A series of murders, bombings, and bank robberies |
Status | Defunct |
Size | Between 100 and 150 |
The National Socialist Underground (German: Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund, , who lived together under false identities. Between 100 and 150 further associates were identified who supported the core trio in their decade-long underground life and provided them with money, false identities and weapons. Unlike other terror groups, the NSU had not claimed responsibility for their actions. The group's existence was discovered only after the deaths of Böhnhardt and Mundlos, and the subsequent arrest of Zschäpe.
So far, the following crimes have been attributed to the NSU: the
Origins
Mundlos (* 1973), Zschäpe (* 1975) and Böhnhardt (* 1977) all came from the
Murders
Between the years 2000 and 2007, the NSU perpetrated a series of racially motivated murders throughout Germany, leaving ten people dead and one wounded. Among their victims, most of them were ethnic Turks, though the victims also included one ethnic Greek and one ethnic German policewoman.
Most of their victims included Turkish
Investigations and public response
On 4 November 2011, after a bank robbery in Eisenach, Mundlos and Böhnhardt were found shot dead in a burning motorhome. Police said that the two set the vehicle on fire and killed themselves when their vehicle was found.[11] The service pistol (HK P2000) of murdered police woman Michèle Kiesewetter was also discovered in the motorhome. Some hours later on the same day, the flat in Zwickau where the trio had lived under false identities, was set on fire, and an explosion occurred. Beate Zschäpe is suspected of having committed the arson. She later turned herself in on advice from her lawyer.[12][13]
Police found a
On 13 November 2011,
On 24 November 2011, agents from the German federal GSG 9 special police arrested André Eminger in Grabow. Eminger is suspected by the Attorney General of Germany to have produced a propaganda movie[17] mocking the victims of the serial murders and claiming responsibility for the previously unknown NSU.[18]
The discovery that all these mysterious and unsolved high-profile crimes were committed in cold blood by one obscure, previously unknown "Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund" terror group, that went unnoticed for 13 years, plunged Germany into a state of shock,[19] even though right-wing terrorism has historical roots in Germany.[20] After the underlying ideological pattern of the crimes became known by the public, Chancellor Angela Merkel stated on 14 November 2011 that she wanted to consider a ban[21] of the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) to weaken the power of extremist right-wing groups.[22]
It became known that an officer of the Hessian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution was inside the Internet café while its Turkish owner was killed by the NSU terrorists in 2006 in Kassel.[23][24][25][26][27] This security agent (Andreas Temme) openly held right-wing views, and in his home village he was known by the nickname "Little Adolf". He has since been transferred to an administrative post (outside and unrelated to the agency).[28]
On 23 February 2012, an official state ceremony in commemoration of the victims was broadcast live from Berlin; a nationwide moment of silence was observed and flags were flown at half-mast.[29][30][31]
Various German politicians from all parties unanimously urged for a parliamentary enquiry committee,[32] which has now begun digging deeply into the details of what is widely regarded as one of the biggest scandals concerning national security in modern German history. The affair is casting Germany's security apparatus into public disrepute for an obvious, complete failure and is causing sarcastic comments from the press.[33][34] On 2 July 2012, the President of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Heinz Fromm, resigned from his post[35] shortly after it was revealed that on 12 November 2011, employees, most notably Axel Minrath (code name: Lothar Lingen[36]), of his agency had destroyed files connected with the NSU case immediately after their role in the murders became public and the agency itself had received a formal request from the German Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) to forward all information relevant to these crimes.[37] Two more resignations of the presidents of the State Offices for the Protection of the Constitution in Thuringia and Saxony followed suit.[38]
Trial in Munich
The first trial against the NSU began on 6 May 2013.[39] On trial were:
- Beate Zschäpe, charged with nine murders, an attack on police leading to a further murder, arson leading to two attempted murders, as well as membership in a terrorist organization.
- André Eminger, charged with providing assistance in a nail bomb attack in Cologne, robbery and assistance of a terrorist organization in two cases.
- Holger Gerlach, charged with providing assistance to NSU members.
- Carsten Schultze, charged with providing weapons to NSU members.
- Ralf Wohlleben, charged with providing weapons to NSU members.
On 14 May, Federal Prosecutor Herbert Diemer read out the indictment against Beate Zschäpe. Diemer accused her of involvement in 10 murders and of being a member of a group whose aim was to "commit murder and criminal acts dangerous to public safety" in order to intimidate the public and "wreak major damage to the state." The only purpose of the National Socialist Underground, said Diemer, "was to kill people."[40]
Prosecutors deliberately and repeatedly stated that the scope of the trial was only to determine the level of complicity that Zschäpe and her fellow defendants had with the crimes the NSU stands accused of. It is the prosecution's opinion that Zschäpe, Mundlos, and Böhnhardt were the only members of the NSU[41] despite strong evidence against the trio thesis.[42]
One of the more controversial subjects to come to light during the NSU murder trial was the level of cooperation and support that neo-Nazi informants and organizations received from the
On 11 July 2018, Zschäpe was convicted of murder on ten counts and sentenced to life imprisonment. Her accomplices were convicted as follows:[45]
- Wohlleben: Guilty – Convicted of aiding and abetting nine murders by procuring the pistol used. Sentenced to ten years in prison.
- Eminger: Guilty – Convicted of aiding a terror organization. Sentenced to two and a half years in prison.
- Gerlach: Guilty – Also convicted of aiding a terror organization. Sentenced to three years in prison.
- Schulze: Guilty – Convicted of aiding and abetting in nine counts of murder. Sentenced to three years of juvenile detention as he was only 20 years old at the time of the murders.
The release of Eminger on the day of the verdict received applause from the Nazis present in the court.[46] Simultaneously, 10,000 people protested all over Germany against the limited solution of the NSU's crimes and the state's involvement, against the low verdicts for the terrorists and the police's racist investigations against the victims' families.[47]
See also
- NSU German History X, a German three-part TV mini-series about the rise and fall of the group
- Hepp-Kexel-Group
- Atomwaffen Division, an American neo-Nazi terrorist group
- Combat Terrorist Organization, a Russian neo-Nazi terrorist group
- National Action, a banned British neo-Nazi group
- NS/WP Crew, a Russian neo-Nazi terrorist group
- Combat Organization of Russian Nationalists], a Russian neo-Nazi terrorist group
- Boot Boys, a former Norwegian neo-Nazi group
- White Aryan Resistance, a militant neo-nazi network active in Sweden
- The Savior (paramilitary organization)
References
- ^ Gopalakrishnan, Manasi (9 December 2012). "Arsonists target refugee homes". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
The NSU, or National Socialist Underground, was a Neo-Nazi group active between 2001 and 2010.
- ISBN 9781137396211
- S2CID 220072502.
- ^ Trail of Hate – Activities and crimes of the Zwickau cell graphical timeline by Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ "Haftbefehl gegen Holger G. aus Niedersachen erlassen". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 14 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ How could German neo-Nazi killers have evaded police for 13 years? The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- Attorney General of Germany(in German). Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ "German neo-Nazi murder suspect apologises to families of victims". Reuters. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ "The Brown Army Faction: A Disturbing New Dimension of Far-Right Terror". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ Adler, Katya (27 March 2012). "Germany's new breed of neo-Nazis pose a threat". BBC News. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Dokumentierten rechtsextreme Täter ihre Hinrichtungen?". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 12 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ Lindner, Jan-Eric (12 November 2011). "Die mörderische Spur durch ganz Deutschland". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ German Prosecutors to Broaden Charges Against Neo-Nazi Beate Zschäpe Der Spiegel. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Diehl, Jörg (15 November 2011). "Fourth Suspected Terror-Cell Member Detained". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- )
- ^ "Der Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof". Generalbundesanwalt. 13 November 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ Neo-Nazis' Bizarre Video Manifesto Photo Gallery Der Spiegel. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ "Mutmaßlicher Macher des Neonazi-Videos in Haft – WEB.DE". Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ Zwickauer Zelle: Republik im Schockzustand, Severin Weiland, Spiegel Online, 13 November 2011, retrieved 18 November 2011
- ^ (in French) «Blognotice 15 November 2011 – les échos de l’énigme de Zwickau », Analyse in Paysages – Blog- Le Monde.fr, 15 November 2011, retrieved 18 November 2011 Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Article 21 (english translation). Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ Hawley, Charles (15 November 2011). "The World from Berlin: 'The Neo-Nazi Killers Were Among Us'". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ ""Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund": Verfassungsschützer womöglich in "Döner-Mord" involviert – Politik". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ "Dönermorde und Nazi-Mordserie: Verfassungsschützer war regelmäßig in Kasseler Internetcafé – Kassel – Lokales – HNA Online" (in German). Hna.de. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ Gebauer, Matthias (15 November 2011). "Döner-Morde: Sie nannten ihn den "kleinen Adolf" – Spiegel Online". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ "Killer-Nazis erschüttern Deutschland: War ein Verfassungsschützer bei sechs Morden ganz in der Nähe? – News Inland" (in German). Bild.de. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ hr-online.de. ""Döner-Morde": Verfassungsschutz in der Kritik | hr1". hr-online.de. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ Neo-Nazi terror scandal grows in Germany The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ^ Speech by Federal Chancellor Merkel at the Central memorial ceremony to commemorate the victims of extreme right-wing violence. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Merkel Asks Victims' Relatives for Forgiveness Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ A Daughter Pays Tribute to Her Murdered Father Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ "Andre E.: Mutmaßlicher Unterstützer der Terrorgruppe NSU in Untersuchungshaft". Focus. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ Debate over future of German security agency Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Fromm quits. Next, please!" (Comment editorial) Berliner Zeitung (German). Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ German Spy Chief Quits over Botched Terror Probe Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ "Gestern "NSU" – heute "Amri"?". Telepolis (German). Retrieved 15 July 2017.
- ^ Intelligence Agency under Fire for Shredding Files Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Third Spy Chief Quits as New Errors Emerge Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ First Day of Historic Trial (Der Spiegel)
- ^ Prosecutor Reads Out Charges in Chilling Detail (Der Spiegel)
- ISSN 0023-4834.
- ^ von der Behrens, Antonia (2 August 2017). "These vom abgeschotteten Trio widerlegt". Frankfurter Rundschau.
- ^ Kushner, Jacob. "10 Murders, 3 Nazis, and Germany's Moment of Reckoning". Foreign Policy.
- ^ von der Behrens, Antonia (8 March 2017). "The NSU-Case in Germany". NSU Watch.
- )
- ^ Sundermann, Tom (11 July 2018). "Was ist das für ein Urteil?". Zeit Online. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ Watzke, Michael (11 July 2018). "Opfer-Angehörige wollen weitere Aufarbeitung". Deutschlandfunk. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
External links
- The Brown Army Fraction. A Disturbing New Dimension of Far-Right Terror at Spiegel Online (see also the topic Neo-Nazi Terror Cell)
- Antonia von der Behrens: The NSU Case in Germany – as at July 3rd, 2018. In: NSU-Watch, 9 July 2018