National anthem of Russia
English: "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" | |
---|---|
Госуда́рственный гимн Росси́йской Федера́ции | |
Sergei Mikhalkov, 2000 | |
Music | Alexander Alexandrov, 1939 |
Adopted | December 25, 2000 (music)[1] December 30, 2000 (lyrics)[2] |
Preceded by | "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" |
Audio sample | |
Official orchestral vocal recording by the Russian Presidential Orchestra and the Moscow Kremlin Choir |
The "State Anthem of the Russian Federation"
The
Glinka's anthem was replaced soon after Yeltsin's successor,
Public perception of the anthem is positive among Russians. A 2009 poll showed that 56% of respondents felt proud when hearing the national anthem, and that 25% liked it.[8]
Historical anthems
Before "
In 1833, Zhukovsky was asked to set lyrics to a musical composition by Prince
"God Save the Tsar!" was used until the February Revolution, when the Russian monarchy was overthrown.[13] Upon the overthrow, in March 1917, the "Worker's Marseillaise" (Russian: Рабо́чая Марселье́за, tr. Rabochaya Marselyeza), Pyotr Lavrov's modification of the French anthem "La Marseillaise", was used as an unofficial anthem by the Russian Provisional Government. The modifications Lavrov made to "La Marseillaise" included a change in meter from 2/2 to 4/4 and music harmonization to make it sound more Russian. It was used at governmental meetings, welcoming ceremonies for diplomats and state funerals.[14]
After the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government in the
Post-1944 Soviet anthem
Music
The music of the national anthem, created by
In response, Alexandrov blamed the problems on Viktor Knushevitsky, who was responsible for orchestrating the entries for the final contest rounds.
During the 2000 debate on the anthem,
Lyrics
After selecting the music by Alexandrov for the national anthem, Stalin needed new lyrics. He thought that the song was short and, because of the
After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet government examined his legacy. The government began the
"Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"
Anthem of Russia | |
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(1990–2000) | |
The Patriotic Song (1 min. 20 sec.) on YouTube |
With the
The National Anthem of the Russian Federation is the Patriotic Song composed by Mikhail Glinka. The text of the National Anthem of the Russian Federation shall be endorsed by the federal law.[39]
However, conflict between President and Congress made passage of that draft less likely: the Congress shifted onto more and more rewriting of the
Between 1994 and 1999, many votes were called for in the State Duma to retain "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" as the official anthem of Russia. However, it faced stiff opposition from members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, who wanted the Soviet anthem restored.[38] Because any anthem had to be approved by a two-thirds supermajority, this disagreement between Duma factions for nearly a decade prevented passage of an anthem.
Call for lyrics
When "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" was used as the national anthem, it had official lyrics but was not accepted.[43] The anthem struck a positive chord for some people because it did not contain elements from the Soviet past, and because the public considered Glinka to be a patriot and a true Russian.[38] However, the lack of lyrics doomed "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya".[44] Various attempts were made to compose lyrics for the anthem, including a contest that allowed any Russian citizen to participate. A committee set up by the government looked at over 6000 entries, and 20 were recorded by an orchestra for a final vote.[45]
The eventual winner was Viktor Radugin's "Be glorious, Russia!" (Russian: Сла́вься, Росси́я!,
Modern adoption
The anthem debate intensified in October 2000 when Yeltsin's successor,
In a November session of the
Before the official adoption of the lyrics, the Kremlin released a section of the anthem, which made a reference to the flag and coat of arms:
His mighty wings spread above us
The Russian eagle is hovering high
The Fatherland's tricolor symbol
Is leading Russia's peoples to victory— Kremlin source[58]
The above lines were omitted from the final version of the lyrics. After the bill was approved by the Federation Council on 20 December,
Not everyone agreed with the adoption of the new anthem. Yeltsin argued that Putin should not have changed the anthem merely to "follow blindly the mood of the people".[63] Yeltsin also felt that the restoration of the Soviet anthem was part of a move to reject post-communist reforms that had taken place since Russian independence and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[44] This was one of Yeltsin's few public criticisms of Putin.[64]
The liberal political party Yabloko stated that the re-adoption of the Soviet anthem "deepened the schism in Russian society".[63] The Soviet anthem was supported by the Communist Party and by Putin himself. The other national symbols used by Russia in 1990, the white-blue-red flag and the double-headed eagle coat of arms, were also given legal approval by Putin in December, thus ending the debate over the national symbols.[65] After all of the symbols were adopted, Putin said on television that this move was needed to heal Russia's past and to fuse the period of the Soviet Union with Russia's history. He also stated that, while Russia's march towards democracy would not be stopped,[66] the rejection of the Soviet era would have left the lives of their mothers and fathers bereft of meaning.[67] It took some time for the Russian people to familiarize themselves with the anthem's lyrics; athletes were only able to hum along with the anthem during the medal ceremonies at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[44]
Public perception
The Russian national anthem is set to the melody of the Soviet anthem (used since 1944). As a result, there have been several controversies related to its use. Some such as cellist Mstislav Rostropovich vowed not to stand during the anthem.[68][69] Russian cultural figures and government officials were also troubled by Putin's restoration of the Soviet anthem, even with different lyrics. A former adviser to both Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev, the last President of the Soviet Union, stated that, when "Stalin's hymn" was used as the national anthem of the Soviet Union, horrific crimes took place.[69]
At the 2007 funeral of Yeltsin, the Russian state anthem was played as his coffin was laid to rest at the
In a 2009 poll conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center and publicized just two days before Russia's flag day (22 August), 56% of respondents stated that they felt proud when hearing the national anthem. However, only 39% could recall the words of the first line of the anthem. This was an increase from 33% in 2007. According to the survey, between 34 and 36% could not identify the anthem's first line. Overall, only 25% of respondents said they liked the anthem.[8] In the previous year, the Russian Public Opinion Research Center found out that 56% of Russians felt pride and admiration at the anthem, even though only 40% (up from 19% in 2004) knew the first words of the anthem. It was also noted in the survey that the younger generation was the most familiar with the words.[8]
In September 2009, a line from the lyrics used during Stalin's rule reappeared at the
The
Regulations
Regulations for the performance of the national anthem are set forth in the law signed by President Putin on 25 December 2000. While a performance of the anthem may include only music, only words, or a combination of both, the anthem must be performed using the official music and words prescribed by law. During official performances of the national anthem, everyone present listens to it standing, and men remove their hats. If the National Anthem is played whilst the flag of the Russian Federation is being raised, the audience will face the flag.[79]
Once a performance has been recorded, it may be used for any purpose, such as in a radio or television broadcast. The anthem may be played for solemn or celebratory occasions, such as the annual
The anthem is mandatory at the swearing-in of the
The anthem is performed in 4/4 (common time) or in 2/4 in the key of C major, and has a tempo of 76 beats per minute. Using either time signature, the anthem must be played in a solemn and singing manner (Russian: Торжественно and Распевно). The government has released arrangements for orchestras, brass bands and wind bands.[82][83]
According to Russian copyright law, state symbols and signs are not protected by copyright.[84] As such, the anthem's music and lyrics may be used and modified freely. Although the law calls for the anthem to be performed respectfully and for performers to avoid causing offence, it does not define what constitutes offensive acts or penalties.[1] Standing for the anthem is required by law but the law does not specify a penalty for refusing to stand.[85]
Official lyrics
Russian original[86][87] (Cyrillic) | Russian Romanization[88]
|
IPA transcription as sung[b] | English translation[89] |
---|---|---|---|
I |
I |
1 |
I |
Notes
- ^ Russian: Госуда́рственный гимн Росси́йской Федера́ции, tr. Gosudárstvennyy gimn Rossíyskoy Federátsii, IPA: [ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)ɨj ˈɡʲimn rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨɪ]
- ^ See File:Russian Anthem chorus.ogg, Help:IPA/Russian and Russian phonology.
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Federal Constitutional Law on the National Anthem of the Russian Federation
- ^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 30.12.2000 N 2110
- ^ "Russia — National Anthem of the Russian Federation". NationalAnthems.me. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "On the National Anthem of the Russian SFSR". Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. pravo.levonevsky.org. November 23, 1990. Archived from the original on May 12, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation". Ukase of the President of the Russian Federation. infopravo.by.ru. December 11, 1993.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "The Russian National Anthem and the problem of National Identity in the 21st Century". The Great Britain – Russia Society. gbrussia.org. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016.
- ^ "EUROPE – Yeltsin attacks Putin over anthem". BBC News. England, United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation. December 7, 2000. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b c "RUSSIAN STATE SYMBOLS: KNOWLEDGE & FEELINGS". Russian Public Opinion Research Center. August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
- ^ Голованова & Шергин 2003, pp. 138
- ^ Bohlman 2004, pp. 157
- ^ Голованова & Шергин 2003, pp. 127–130
- ^ Wortman 2006, pp. 158–160
- ^ Studwell 1996, pp. 75
- ^ a b Stites 1991, pp. 87
- ^ Gasparov 2005, pp. 209–210
- ^ Figes & Kolonitskii 1999, pp. 62–63
- ^ Volkov 2008, pp. 34
- ^ a b Fey 2005, pp. 139
- ^ a b c Shostakovich & Volkov 2002, pp. 261–262
- ^ Haynes 2003, pp. 70
- ^ Kubik 1994, pp. 48
- ^ "List of Works". Virtual Museum of Aram Khachaturian. "Aram Khachaturian" International Enlightenment-Cultural Association. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ Sandved 1963, pp. 690
- ^ Константинов, С. (June 30, 2001). "Гимн — дело серьёзное". Nezavisimaya Gazeta (in Russian).
- ^ "National Anthem". Government of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublica. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ "Гимн СССР написан в XIX веке Василием Калинниковым и Робертом Шуманом". Лента.Ру (in Russian). Rambler Media Group. December 8, 2000. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ Резепов, Олег (December 8, 2000). Выступление Бориса Грызлова при обсуждении законопроекта о государственной символике Российской Федерации (in Russian). Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ Montefiore 2005, pp. 460–461
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- ^ Khazanov 1998, pp. 131
- ^ a b Zolotov, Andrei (December 1, 2000). "Russian Orthodox Church Approves as Putin Decides to Sing to a Soviet Tune". Christianity Today Magazine. Christianity Today International. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
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- ^ Korosteleva, Lawson & Marsh 2002, pp. 118
- ^ "Указ № 350 ад 2 ліпеня 2002 г. "Аб Дзяржаўным гімне Рэспублікі Беларусь"" [Decree No. 350 of July 2nd, 2002 "On the National Anthem of the Republic of Belarus"]. Указу Прэзідэнта Рэспублікі Беларусь (in Belarusian). Пресс-служба Президента Республики Беларусь. July 2, 2002. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
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- ^ Shevtsova 2005, pp. 123
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- ^ Shukshin, Andrei (November 30, 2000). "Putin Sings Praises of Old-New Russian Anthem". ABC News. American Broadcasting Company. p. 2. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ Голованова & Шергин 2003, pp. 152
- ^ a b Государственный гимн России (in Russian). Администрация Приморского края. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
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- ^ "Russia Unveils New National Anthem Joining the Old Soviet Tune to the Older, Unsoviet God". The New York Times. December 31, 2000. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ a b "Duma approves Soviet anthem". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. December 8, 2000. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
- ^ a b Blomfield, Adrian (April 26, 2007). "In death, Yeltsin scorns symbols of Soviet era". Telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
- ^ Bova 2003, pp. 24
- ^ Nichols 2001, pp. 158
- ^ Hunter 2004, pp. 195
- The Jamestown Foundation.
- ^ a b Banerji 2008, pp. 275–276
- ^ Embassy of the USSR (1945). "Last Honors Paid Marshal Shaposhnikov". USSR Information Bulletin. Embassy of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics. 5: 5. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
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- ^ Studies, Joint Committee on Slavic; Societies, American Council of Learned; ), Social Science Research Council (U.S.); Studies, American Association for the Advancement of Slavic (1984). "Andropov Is Buried at the Kremlin Wall". The Current Digest of the Soviet Press. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. 36 (7): 9. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
- Time Magazine. March 25, 1985. p. 2. Archived from the originalon June 23, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
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- ^ a b "Notorious journalist backs up the idea to take out word "God" from Russian anthem". Interfax-Religion. Interfax. March 30, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
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Bibliography
- Banerji, Arup (2008). Writing History in the Soviet Union: Making the Past Work. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-81-87358-37-4.
- Bohlman, Philip Vilas (2004). The Music of European Nationalism: Cultural Identity and Modern History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-363-2.
- Bova, Russell (2003). Russia and Western Civilization. M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0977-9.
- Brackman, Roman (2000). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5050-0.
- Condee, Nancy (1995). Soviet Hieroglyphics: Visual Culture in Late Twentieth-Century Russia. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31402-X.
- Fey, Laurel E. (2005). Shostakovich: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518251-4.
- Figes, Orlando; Kolonitskii, Boris (1999). Interpreting the Russian Revolution: the language and symbols of 1917. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08106-0.
- Franklin, Simon; Widdis, Emma; Jahn, Hubertus; Cross, Anthony; ISBN 0-521-83926-2.
- Gasparov, Boris (2005). Five Operas and a Symphony: Word and Music in Russian Culture. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10650-3.
- Голованова, Марина П.; Шергин, В. С. (2003). Государственные символы России (State Symbols of Russia) (in Russian). Росмэн-Пресс. ISBN 5-353-01286-0.
- Haynes, John (2003). New Soviet Man. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6238-1.
- Hunter, Shireen (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1283-0.
- Ioffe, Olimpiad Solomonovich (1988). "Chapter IV: Law of Creative Activity". Soviet Civil Law. BRILL. 36 (36). ISBN 90-247-3676-5. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- Keep, John; Litvin, Alter (2004). Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35109-6.
- Khazanov, Anatoly M. (1998). "Ethnic Nationalism in the Russian Federation". In Graubard, Stephen (ed.). A New Europe for the Old?. Transaction Publishers. pp. 121–142. JSTOR 20027444
- Korosteleva, Elena; Lawson, Colin; Marsh, Rosalind (2002). Contemporary Belarus Between Democracy and Dictatorship. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1613-5.
- Kubik, Jan (1994). The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01084-7.
- Kuhlmann, Jurgen (2003). Military and Society in 21st Century Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4449-8.
- Montefiore, Simon (2005). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-7678-9.
- Nichols, Thomas (2001). The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. ISBN 0-312-29337-2.
- Sandved, Kjell Bloch (1963). The World of Music, Volume 2. Abradale Press.
- Sakwa, Richard (2008). Russian Politics and Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41528-6.
- Scoon, Paul (2003). Survival for Service: My Experiences as Governor General of Grenada. Macmillan Caribbean. ISBN 0-333-97064-0.
- Service, Robert (2006). Russia: Experiment with a People. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02108-8.
- Shevtsova, Lilia (2005). Putin's Russia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ISBN 0-87003-213-5.
- ISBN 978-0-87910-998-1.
- Соболева, Надежда; Казакевич, А. Н (2006). Символы и святыни Российской державы [The Symbols and Shrines of Russian Power] (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. ISBN 5-373-00604-1.
- Stites, Richard (1991). Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505537-3.
- Studwell, William Emmett (1996). The National and Religious Song Reader: Patriotic, Traditional, and Sacred Songs from Around the World. Routledge. ISBN 0-7890-0099-7.
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- Wortman, Richard (2006). Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12374-5.
Legislation
- "Указ Президента РФ от 11.12.93 N 2127 "О Государственном гимне Российской Федерации"" [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 11.12.1993, Number 2127 "On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation"]. Указ Президента Российской Федерации (in Russian). Правительство Российской Федерации. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011.
- "Federal Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation – About the National Anthem of the Russian Federation". Government of the Russian Federation. December 25, 2000. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
- "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 30.12.2000 N 2110" [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2000] (in Russian). Kremlin.ru. December 30, 2000. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- "Part IV of Civil Code No. 230-FZ of the Russian Federation. Article 1259. Objects of Copyright" (in Russian). Правительство Российской Федерации. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
External links
- (in Russian) Download at Government of Russia's website
- President of Russia State Insignia – National Anthem
- Download Arrangement for symphony orchestra and mixed choir
- Download Arrangement for wind orchestra
- Музыкальное обеспечение парада на Красной площади возложено на не имеющий мировых аналогов Сводный военный оркестр
- Военные песни и Гимны Archived August 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- Музыка парада 1945 г. Archived January 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Александров А.В. — Гимн Российской Федерации (Сводный оркестр Министерства обороны), First Link Archived July 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Александров А.В. — Гимн Российской Федерации (Сводный оркестр Министерства обороны), Second Link Archived August 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- Russian Anthems museum – an extensive collection of audio recordings including some 30 recordings of the current anthem and recordings of other works mentioned in this article
- Haunting Europe – an overview, with audio, of the history of the Russian and Soviet national anthems throughout the twentieth century
- Streaming audio, lyrics and information about the National Anthem of Russia