National colours of Italy
The national colours of Italy are green, white, and red,
In
The national auto racing colour of Italy is instead rosso corsa ("racing red"), while in other disciplines such as cycling and winter sports, white is often used.
History
The hypotheses rejected by historians
Despite attempts to link the modern combination of green, white and red to medieval times, there are no sources that prove this. The three colours were present in some historical events, such as;
- The flagpole of the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano
- The banners of the Tuscan Guelphs, whose coat of arms was a red eagle on a white field above a green snake, a charge that was granted by Pope Clement IV,[3]
- On the sign of the Sienese contrada of the Goose
- On the tricolour uniforms of the servants of the Duchess of Milan Valentina Visconti
- In Ercole I d'Este, upon her arrival in Ferrara
- On the tricolour uniforms of the Borso d'Estearmy
- On the green flag, white and red that began to enshrine from the Cathedral of Milan on the occasion of the entry into the Milanese capital of Francis I of France after his victory in the battle of Marignano.[4][5][6]
Other scholars have suggested the prefiguration of the Italian tricolour in pictorial works; in fact the clothes of some characters painted on the walls of Palazzo Schifanoia in Ferrara, which date back to the Middle Ages, are green, white and red.[7]
The reason for the historical inconsistency of the hypothetical presence of the tricolour in historical events and artistic works prior to the modern era lies in the fact that at the time the Italian national awareness, which appeared centuries later, had not yet occurred.[8]
The three colours of the Italian flag are cited, in literature, in some verses of canto XXX of the
Origins of the Italian tricolour
The tricolore was symbolically important preceding and throughout the Risorgimento leading to
The first documented trace of the use of Italian national colours is dated 21 August 1789: in the historical archives of the Republic of Genoa it is reported that eyewitnesses had seen some demonstrators pinned on their clothes hanging a red, white and green cockade on their clothes.[2] The Italian gazettes of the time had in fact created confusion about the facts of French Revolution, especially on the replacement of green with blue, reporting the news that the French tricolour was green, white and red.[11]
The green, in the primitive French cockade, was immediately abandoned in favour of blue and red, or the ancient colours of Paris, because it was also the colour of the king's brother, Count of Artois, who became monarch after the First Restoration with the name of Charles X of France.[12] The French tricolour cockade was then completed on 17 July 1789 with the addition of white, the colour of the House of Bourbon, in deference to King Louis XVI of France, who still ruled despite the violent revolts that raged in the country; the French monarchy was in fact abolished on 10 August 1792.
When the correct information on the chromatic composition of the French tricolour arrived in Italy, the Italian Jacobins decided to keep green instead of blue, because it represented nature and therefore metaphorically, also natural rights, or social equality and freedom.[13]
In September 1794, Luigi Zamboni and Giambattista de Rolandis created a cockade by uniting the white and red of the
The formation of the Cisalpine Republic was decreed by Napoleon on 29 June 1797, and consisted of most of the Cispadane Republic and
Politics
The colours have been used for political purposes.
During his visit to London on 11 April 1864,
In 1868, two years after the Austrians departed
An apocryphal story about the history of pizza holds that on 11 June 1889, Neapolitan pizzamaker Raffaele Esposito created a pizza to honour Margherita of Savoy, who was visiting the city. It was garnished with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil to represent the national colours of Italy, and was named "Pizza Margherita".[32][33][34]
Definition
The need to precisely define the colours was born from an event that happened at the Justus Lipsius building, seat of the Council of the European Union, of the European Council and of their Secretariat, when an Italian MEP, in 2002, noticed that the colours of the Italian flag were unrecognizable with red, for example, which had a shade that turned towards orange: for this reason the government, following the report of this MEP, decided to specifically define the colours of the Italian national flag.[35]
In 2003, the
The values were revised after discussion, and in 2006 were decreed by law in Article 31 of Disposizioni generali in materia di cerimoniale e di precedenza tra le cariche pubbliche ("General provisions relating to ceremonial materials and precedence for public office", published 28 July 2006 in
Description Number RGB CMYK HSV Hex Fern Green Archived 23 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine 17-6153 TC (0, 140, 69) (100%, 0%, 51%, 45%) (150°, 100%, 55%) #008C45 Bright White Archived 23 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine 11-0601 TC (244, 245, 240) (0%, 0%, 2%, 4%) (72°, 2%, 96%) #F4F5F0 Flame Scarlet Archived 23 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine 18-1662 TC (205, 33, 42) (0%, 84%, 80%, 20%) (357°, 84%, 80%) #CD212A
Use
Institutions
The national colours are specified in the
The
On 31 December 1996, legislation was passed (legge no. 671) instituting 7 January as national
The
Sport
In football, the winners of Serie A are the Italian football champions, which entitles the winning team to adorn the jersey of each of its players with the scudetto, an escutcheon (heater shield) of the Italian flag, the subsequent season.[50]
The practice was established in 1924 (first ever team to wear it was
The league operators state that it is "representative of national unity at the level of football".[51] The winner of the Coppa Italia is entitled to adorn its team jersey with a tricolour cockade for the subsequent season.[52]
Tributes
The name of Italia Peak, a peak in the Elk Mountains of Colorado in the United States, is derived from the display on one of its faces, when seen at a distance, of "brilliant red, white and green colours, the national colours of Italy".[53][54][55]
Meaning of colours
Multiple hypotheses attempt to explain the metaphorical and allegorical meanings related to the Italian national colours, when green, white and red became uniquely characteristic as the Italian patriotic symbol.[56] In particular, the Italian tricolore adapted from the French tricolour of blue (fraternity), white (equality) and red (liberty; also, white symbolized the monarchy, while red and blue were the ancient Coat of arms of Paris[56]).
The oldest association of metaphorical meanings to the future Italian tricolour is ascribable to 1782, when the Milanese citizen Militia was founded, whose uniforms consisted of a green dress with red and white insignia; for this reason, in the Milanese dialect, the members of this municipal guard were popularly called remolazzit, or "small radishes", recalling the lush green leaves of this vegetable.[57] Even white and red were common on Lombard military uniforms of the time:[58][57][59] the two colours are characteristic of the coat of arms of Milan.[60]
It was therefore no coincidence that the first war flag in green, white and red, already considered "Italian", debuted on 11 October 1796 on the Lombard Legion's war banner: the three colours were already in the collective imagination of Lombard for historical reasons.[59]
During the Napoleonic period, which lasted from 1796 to 1815, the three Italian national colours gradually acquired an increasingly idealistic meaning, which over time became widespread among the population, disengaging from the original historical meanings linked to the birth of the three colours: the green has begun to represent hope, white is faith and red is love.[57][61]
The green of the Italian tricolour was the only one to have, from its origins, an idealistic meaning: it symbolized for the Jacobins the natural rights, that is social equality and freedom.[13]
Hypotheses considered unreliable, and therefore rejected by historians, are the alleged metaphorical references to the tricolour contained in the
Another hypothesis that attempts to explain the meaning of the three Italian national colours would like, also without any historical basis, that the green is linked to the colour of the meadows and the
For the adoption of greenery there is also the so-called "Freemasonry hypothesis": for this initiatory society green was the colour of nature, so much a symbol of human rights, which are naturally inherent in man,[58] as well as of flourishing Italian landscape; this interpretation, however, is opposed by those who maintain that Freemasonry, as a secret society, did not have such an influence at the time as to inspire Italian national colours.[66]
Another implausible conjecture that would explain the adoption of the green hypothesizes a tribute that Napoleon wanted to give to Corsica, a place where.[57] Still another hypothesis, even in this case totally unfounded, would like the tricolour to derive from the main colours of the Margherita pizza, so named in honor of Queen Margherita of Savoy, whose main ingredients should recall the three Italian national tones, namely the green for the basil, white for mozzarella and red for tomato sauce:[67] this assumption is completely senseless, given that the invention of the pizza Margherita dates back to 1889,[68] while the Italian national colours first appeared a hundred years before, in 1789 in Genoa.[2]
Other Italian national colours
Azure
With the unification of Italy, and with the consequent extension of the
The origin of the colour is dated 20 June 1366, when Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, about to leave for a crusade called by Pope Urban V which was intended to help the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos, cousin of the maternal part of the Savoy Count, decided to place on the flagship of the fleet, a galley of Republic of Venice, a blue flag that fluttered next to the red-crusading silver banner of the Savoys.[69]
The colour therefore has a Marian implication, bearing in mind that there is also the possibility that the use of a blue banner by the Savoys started earlier.[70]
The Savoy blue has been preserved in some institutional contexts even after the
The blue shade of the Savoy blue colour, already in use on military cockades, on the ties of the flags and on the bands of the Savoy officers, still continues to appear as one of Italy's reference and recognition colours, so much so that it has become the shade used on the Italian national sports shirts, on the blue scarf supplied to the officers of the Italian armed forces, on the distinctive band of the presidents of the Italian provinces[72][73] and on the aircraft used by the Frecce Tricolori, also traditions that have never stopped even on the occasion of the 1946 Italian institutional referendum.[74]
After having played its first two international matches in white in 1910, the men's football team announced its new uniform on 31 December 1910, an azure shirt with an escutcheon of the Italian colours, and white shorts.[75] The blue shirt was first worn on 6 January 1911 in a match against Hungary in Milan.[76] Even this case, the blue has been maintained despite the abolition of the Italian monarchy.[77]
In sport, many men's national teams are known as the azzurri and women's teams as the azzurre (meaning "azure"). These include the
Rosso corsa
The
In Formula One, the colour was not determined by the country the car was made in nor by the nationality of the driver(s) but by the nationality of the team entering the vehicle.-[83] National colours were mostly replaced in Formula One by commercial sponsor liveries in 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always kept the traditional red but the shade of the colour varies.[83]
Red cars are also traditional in Alfa Romeo and Ferrari car running in other motorsport championships, such as
Traditionally, the Italy national bobsleigh team uses bobsleighs with a racing red painted hull.
White
In sports such as cycling and winter sports, the jerseys of the Italian athletes are often white.
The tricolour in the arts
In music
One of the stanzas of the military song Passa la ronda by Teobaldo Ciconi, which was composed in 1848, is linked to the three Italian national colours, and their idealistic meaning:[85]
[...] We are the three-colored guards,
Green, the hope of our choirs,
White, the faith tight between us,
Red, the plagues of our heroes. [...][86]— Passa la ronda by Teobaldo Ciconi
In the visual arts
The well-known painting The Kiss (1859) by the painter Francesco Hayez hides a reference to the Italian tricolour. Beyond the romantic subject, the work has a historical and political significance: Hayez, through the colours used (the white of the dress, the red of the tights, the green of the lapel of the cloak and the blue of the woman's dress), wants to represent the alliance that took place between Italy and France through the Plombières Agreement (21 July 1858), of a secret nature, which were the premise of the Second Italian War of Independence.[87]
Hayez's work was resumed three years later by Giuseppe Reina in his painting Una triste novella, in which the painter clearly composes a tricolour, juxtaposing a green box, a red shawl and the white skirt of the female figure represented.[88] Previously, Hayez had already artfully inserted the tricolour in two of his other paintings, The two apostles Giacomo and Filippo (1825–1827) and Ciociara (1842). In both works, the colours of the clothes of the subjects portrayed still recall the Italian national colours.[87]
In literature
Many romance poets dedicated some of their literary works, drawing combinations and symbolisms, to the three Italian national colours:[89]
Whether a vermilion rose or a jasmine
put next to a bay leaf
the three colours you will have more dear and beautiful
to us who in those we know ourselves brothers
the three colours you will have that fremer do
who still insists on being a tyrant.[90]— Domenico Carbone, I'm Italian, 1848
White shows that she is holy and pure
the red that lends with blood to fight
and that other colour that is grafted onto it
who never lacked the hope of misfortune.[91]
O pure white of snowy peaks,
sweet smell of vivid flowers,
reddening on wild coasts,
sweet feast of vague colours.[92]— Ernesta Bittanti Battisti, The Hymn to Trentino, where the 'vague colours' (colours that are grateful to the sight of the patriot) are the Italian national ones: Trento, 1911
With a tricolour host
everyone has communicated.
As a cruel plague
coce the red in the side,
and the desperate green
strengthens the bitter gallKvarner
The tricolour! ... And the shaggy old Faun
of the Palatine he called him by name,
high crying, the first fallen hero
of the three Rome[96]— Giovanni Pascoli, At the strawberry tree
The prose of a short story by
[...] As soon as he opened his eyes to the light of day, the little boar saw the three most beautiful colours in the world: green, white, red. – against the blue background of the sky, the sea and the distant mountains. [...] A violent cloud enveloped him: he fell, closed his eyes; but after a moment he raised his short reddish eyelids and for the last time he saw the most beautiful colours in the world – the green of the oak, the white of the cottage, the red of his blood. [...][99]
— Grazia Deledda, The wild boar, taken from The fox and other short stories
Notes
- ^ Ferorelli 1925, pp. 654–680.
- ^ a b c Ferorelli 1925, p. 662
- ^ The red eagle on a white field above a green snake was also the emblem of Pope Clement IV.
- ^ Fiorini 1897, pp. 244–247.
- ^ Fiorini 1897, pp. 265–266.
- ^ Colangeli 1965, p. 10.
- ^ Fiorini 1897, p. 246.
- ^ Ferorelli 1925, p. 668
- ^ Bovio 1996, p. 23.
- ^ a b Pagano 1895, p. 10.
- ^ Ferorelli 1925, p. 666
- ^ "Il verde no, perché è il colore del re. Così la Francia ha scelto la bandiera blu, bianca e rossa ispirandosi all'America" (in Italian). Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ a b "I valori – Il Tricolore" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2017.
- ^ Venosta 1864, pp. 30–32. Noi al bianco ed al rosso, colori della nostra Bologna, uniamo il verde, in segno della speranza che tutto il popolo italiano segua la rivoluzione nazionale da noi iniziata, che cancelli que' confini segnati dalla tirannide forestiera.
- ^ a b c d La Repubblica 2013.
- ^ Venosta 1864, p. 32.
- ^ Bonaparte 1822, p. 238. Vous y trouverez l'organisation de la légion lombarde. Les couleurs nationales qu'ils ont adoptées sont le vert, le blanc et le rouge.
- ^ Frasca 2001, p. 49.
- ^ Canella 2009, p. 130.
- ^ Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- ^ Partington 1836, p. 548.
- ^ Waley & Hearder 1963, p. 118.
- ^ Collier 2003, p. 25. The national colours of Italy were worn in combination with a green blouse being complemented with a red belt and white trousers.
- ^ Dippel 2009, p. 25. I tre colori nazionali sono conservati.
- ^ a b c Oddo 1865, p. 522.
- ^ Young & Stevens 1864, p. 64.
- ^ a b Cook Thomas and son 1874, p. 29.
- ^ Cunsolo: Venice and the Revolution of 1848–49.
- ^ Cunsolo: Daniele Manin (1804–1857).
- ^ Cook Thomas and son 1874, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Cook Thomas and son 1874, p. 30.
- ^ Danford 1994, p. 38.
- ^ The Philadelphia Inquirer 1989, p. E08.
- ^ Lakeland Ledger 1989, p. 12A.
- ^ Villa 2010, p. 35.
- ^ BBC: Italian opposition in flap over flag.
- ^ Corriere della Sera 2003.
- ^ Corriere della Sera 2003. La presidenza del Consiglio – si legge nella nota – ha verificato che le nuove bandiere tricolori esposte a Montecitorio non-corrispondono ai valori cromatici indicati nella propria circolare...
- ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana 2006.
- ^ Prefettura di Pisa, p. 2.
- ^ La Costituzione.
- ^ Constitution of the Italian Republic.
- ^ Biblioteca dell'Accademia virgiliana, p. 4. ... Bandiera Cispadana di tre colori, verde, bianco e rosso, e che questi tre colori si usino anche nella coccarda cispadana la quale debba portarsi da tutti
- ^ Protonotari 1897, pp. 239-267 and 676–710.
- ^ Murari 1892, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana 2000.
- ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana 1997.
- ^ Haberman 1989.
- ^ Wings, p. 6. the Italians call themselves Frecce Tricolori (and emphasize the title by emitting red, white, and green smoke)
- ^ a b Lega Nazionale Professionisti: Premiazione scudetto 2012.
- ^ Lega Nazionale Professionisti: Premiazione scudetto 2012. ...uno scudetto con i colori della bandiera italiana, rappresentativo dell'unità nazionale a livello calcistico
- ^ Lega Nazionale Professionisti: Regolamento 2012, p. 247/700 and Articolo 1, section 12.1 Società vincitrice.
- ^ Ayer 1880, p. 211.
- ^ Diller 1902, p. 145.
- ^ Dana & Silliman 1874, p. 400.
- ^ a b Busico 2005, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d Maiorino 2002, p. 158.
- ^ a b Villa 2010, p. 11.
- ^ a b c "Il Tricolore" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ "Origini della bandiera tricolore italiana" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
- ^ Villa 2010, p. 13.
- ^ "SAVOIA AOSTA, Emanuele Filiberto di, duca d'Aosta" (in Italian). Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Perché la bandiera italiana è verde bianca rossa" (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ "Bandiera italiana: storia, colori, foto e significato" (in Italian). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ "Il significato dei tre colori della nostra Bandiera Nazionale" (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ Fiorini 1897, pp. 239-267 and 676-710.
- ^ "Il significato dei colori della bandiera italiana: cosa rappresentano verde, bianco e rosso?" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ What today is called "pizza Margherita" had however already been prepared in 1866, before the dedication to the queen of Italy, as attested by Francesco De Bourcard in: Uses and customs of Naples , reissue in anastatic copy, limited edition of 999 copies, Naples, Alberto Marotta, 1965 [1866] p.124.
- ^ Martinelli 2006, p. 45.
- ^ Martinelli 2006, p. 46.
- ^ "Lo Stendardo presidenziale" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Azzurri – origine del colore della nazionale" (in Italian). 29 July 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
- ^ Decreto legislativo 18 agosto 2000, n. 267, articolo 50, in materia di "Testo unico delle leggi sull'ordinamento degli enti locali"
- ^ "Azzurri – origine del colore della nazionale" (in Italian). 29 July 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ Chiesa 2012, p. 44, chapter 1910–1912, Azzurri come il cielo. Siamo informati che la squadra nazionale avra finalmente una sua propria divisa: una maglia di colore bleu marinaro, con sul petto uno scudo racchiudente i colori italiani
- ^ Chiesa 2012.
- ^ "Ecco perché la maglia della nazionale italiana è azzurra" (in Italian). 27 June 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ Federazione Italiana Pallacanestro: Gli azzurri.
- ^ Federazione Italiana Pallavolo: Azzurri.
- ^ Federazione Italiana Pallacanestro: Le Azzurre.
- ^ Federazione Italiana Pallavolo: Azzurre.
- ^ Bristow 2013, p. 7.
- ^ a b "La Ferrari e il rosso: storia di un binomio vincente" (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-84537-989-6. Archived from the originalon 16 June 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ Villa 2010, pp. 24–25.
- ^ [...] Siamo le guardie dai tre colori,
Verde, la speme dei nostri cori,
Bianco, la fede stretta fra noi,
Rosso, le piaghe dei nostri eroi. [...] - ^ a b "Il "Bacio" di Hayez: tre versioni, un unico significato" (in Italian). 15 November 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "La nazione dipinta. Storia di una famiglia tra Mazzini e Garibaldi". Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ Maiorino 2002, p. 161.
- ^ Se una rosa vermiglio o un gelsomino
a una foglia d'allor metti vicino
i tre colori avrai più cari e belli
a noi che in quei ci conosciam fratelli
i tre colori avrai che fremer fanno
chi ancor s'ostina ad essere tiranno. - ^ Il bianco mostra ch'ella è santa e pura
il rosso che col sangue è a pugnar presta
e quell'altro color che vi si innesta
che mai mancò la speme alla sventura. - ^ O puro bianco di cime nevose,
soave olezzo di vividi fior,
rosseggianti su coste selvose,
dolce festa di vaghi colour. - ^ Con un'ostia tricolore
ognun s'è comunicato.
Come piaga incrudelita
coce il rosso nel costato,
ed il verde disperato
rinforzisce il fiele amaro - ^ Perri 1942, p. 1.
- ^ "Il corbezzolo simbolo dell'Unità d'Italia. Una specie che resiste agli incendi". 3 October 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ Il tricolore!… E il vecchio Fauno irsuto
del Palatino lo chiamava a nome,
alto piangendo, il primo eroe caduto
delle tre Rome - ^ Grazia Deledda (Italian author). britannica.com
- ^ Villa 2010, p. 58.
- ^ [...] Appena aperti gli occhi alla luce del giorno, il cinghialetto vide i tre più bei colori del mondo: il verde, il bianco, il rosso. – sullo sfondo azzurro del cielo, del mare e dei monti lontani. [...] Una nube violenta lo avvolse: stramazzò, chiuse gli occhi; ma dopo un momento sollevò le corte palpebre rossicce e per l'ultima volta vide i più bei colori del mondo – il verde della quercia, il bianco della casina, il rosso del suo sangue. [...]
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- "Pizza purists out to protect patriotic pie". Lakeland Ledger. Associated Press. 2 March 1989.
- "Rallying to protect 'real' pizza". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 5 April 1989.
- Cook's handbook to Venice. Cook Thomas and son, ltd. 1874.
- "Wings". 34–36. Aeronautical Press. 1964.
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(help) - Atti e memorie Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana di scienze lettere ed arti. Reale Accademia virgiliana di scienze, lettere ed arti. Biblioteca dell'Accademia virgiliana. 1897.
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Further reading
- Aglebert, Augusto (1862). I primi martiri della libertà italiana e l'origine della bandiera tricolore.
- Gerbaix di Sonnaz, Carlo Alberto (1896). Bandiere, stendardi e vessilli dei conti e duchi di Savoia, marchesi in Italia, principi di Piemonte, re di Cipro, di Sicilia, di Sardegna e d'Italia dal 1200 al 1896. Roux Frassati e Company.
- Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). Gli italiani e il tricolore (in Italian). Il Mulino. ISBN 88-15-07163-6.
External links
- "Museo del Tricolore" (in Italian). Musei Civici di Reggio Emilia.
- "Il Museo del Tricolore" (in Italian). City of Reggio Emilia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.