National communism

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This article is about communism and its national implementations. It is not to be confused with the fascist and neo-fascist movements of
National Socialism
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National communism is a term describing various forms in which

communist internationalism. National communism has been used to describe movements and governments that have sought to form a distinctly unique variant of communism based upon distinct national characteristics and circumstances, rather than following policies set by other socialist states, such as the Soviet Union.[1]

In each independent state, empire, or dependency, the relationship between

Communist parties that have attempted to pursue independent foreign and domestic policies that conflicted with the interests of the Soviet Union have been described as examples of national communism; this form of national communism differs from communist parties/movements that embrace nationalist rhetoric. Examples include Josip Broz Tito and his independent direction that led Yugoslavia away from the Soviet Union, Imre Nagy's anti-Soviet democratic socialism, Alexander Dubček's socialism with a human face, and János Kádár's Goulash Communism.[1][2]

Communist parties that have sought to follow their own variant of communism by combining communist/socialist ideals with nationalism have been described as national communist. These include the Socialist Republic of Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu, the Democratic Kampuchea under Pol Pot,[3] and North Korea under Juche.[4][5]

Communism as

international communism was very strong from the late 19th century through the 1920s, the decades after that—beginning with socialism in one country and progressing into the Cold War and the Non-Aligned Movement
, made national communism a larger political reality.

Origins

19th century

During the decade of the 1840s, communist came into general use to describe those who hailed the left-wing of the

Jacobin Club of the French Revolution as their ideological forefathers.[6] In 1847, the Communist League was founded in London. The League asked Marx and Engels to draft The Communist Manifesto, which was adopted by the league and published in 1848. The Communist Manifesto included a number of views of the role of the nation in the implementation of the manifesto. The preamble says that The Communist Manifesto arose from Europeans from various nations coming together in London to publish their shared views, aims, and tendencies.[7] Chapter one then discusses how the rise of the bourgeoisie has led to globalization and the place of national issues.[8]

In Marxism and the Muslim World, Maxime Rodinson wrote: "Classical Marxism, for once faithful to Marx himself, postulates that a socialist state cannot be imperialist. But no proof is provided to support this thesis."[9] According to Roman Rozdolsky: "When the Manifesto says that the workers 'have no country', this refers to the bourgeois national state, not to nationality in the ethnical sense. The workers 'have no country' because according to Marx and Engels, they must regard the bourgeois national state as a machinery for their oppression and after they have achieved power they will likewise have 'no country' in the political sense, inasmuch as the separate socialist national states will be only a transitional stage on the way to the classless and stateless society of the future, since the construction of such a society is possibly only on the international scale."

20th century

Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party) can be considered the first national communist party. In March 1918, Lenin renamed his party the Russian Communist Party. National communism also refers to non-Russian communist currents that arose in the former tsarist empire after Lenin seized power in the October Revolution
(1917) and to the various communist regimes that emerged after 1945 in other parts of the world.

In the wake of their Russian counterparts, left-wing socialists in

People's Commissar.[citation needed
]

The term "national communism" was adopted by a small number of

French fascists, such as politician Pierre Clémenti. The French National-Communist Party existed between 1934–1944 and espoused a national-communist platform noted for its similarities with fascism, and popularized racial antisemitism. The group was also noted for its agitation in support of pan-European nationalism and rattachism, maintaining contacts in both Nazi Germany and Wallonia. Later, the party would drop National-Communist from its name, renaming itself the French National-Collectivist Party.[10]

The Murba Party was an Indonesian political party that proclaimed itself to be national communist.[11] Historian Herbert Feith labelled the profile of the party as "extreme nationalism and messianic social radicalism (whose inchoateness was only mildly tempered by the Marxist and Leninist theory to which it laid claim), it was a citadel of 'oppositionism', the politics of refusing to recognize the practical difficulties of governments'."[12]

History

In Ukraine

In 1918, the book Do Khvyli (translated into English as On The Current Situation in the Ukraine, as edited by P. Potichnyj in 1970), written by the Ukrainian communists Serhii Mazlakh and

Third International that year, they extended the analysis of Shakhrai and Mazlakh.[13]

Another prominent Ukrainian national communist movement was the

Peace of Riga
.

Due to Shumsky's opposition to the Russification policy by the Stalinist regime, he was later condemned in 1927 for his national communist position, which the Soviet authorities referred as ‘national deviation.’ He was arrested and prosecuted by the regime in 1933 and was labeled as a nationalist and counterrevolutionary, which led to his death sentence in 1937. In 1946, he was murdered by NKVD agents under the instruction of Joseph Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich during his transfer from Kyiv to SaraToby.[14]

In Muslim regions of the former Russian Empire (1919–1923)

See also:
Kazakh Alash Orda, and Muslim Socialist Committee of Kazan

Open conflict between prominent Muslim theorists, such as

great-power chauvinism
with local nationalism. Galiev commented that reaction to great-power chauvinism was not nationalism, and it was simply reaction to great-power chauvinism. Nine days later, he was arrested.

During this time, Soltanğäliev,

Manabendra Nath Roy, Henk Sneevliet, and Sultan Zade, also taught there, formulating similar political positions. Students of the university included Sen Katayama, Tan Malaka, Liu Shaoqi, and Ho Chi Minh
.

The great purge in the Muslim republics began in 1928 with executions of

Young Bukharians
.

In Romania (1960s–1980s)

Main article:
National Communism in Romania
Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena Ceaușescu, in 1986. Under Ceaușescu, the Romanian Communist Party adopted Romanian nationalism as part of its ideology.

Although the term "national communism" was never officially used by the

protochronism. The main argument of the tenet was the endless and unanimous fighting throughout two thousand years to achieve unity and independence.[16]

Part of Romanian national communism was the rehabilitation of Romanian historical figures who had previously been denounced by the communist regime. Examples include the nationalist historian Nicolae Iorga and Ion Antonescu, a fascist Conducător[citation needed]. These figures were deemed as Romanian patriots despite their strong anti-communist views.

In Vietnam

See also: Ho Chi Minh Thought and Vietnamese nationalism

Since the 1930s, when the

Vietnamese Communist Party was founded, many nationalists decided to join the party. This is remarkable because it marks the fact that nationalism has been recrystallized into an organized system rather than as individual struggle movements as before. On the other hand, nationalism in Vietnam has existed for a long time, even clinging to many different types of political institutions, from feudal states to one-party states. Thus, unlike communist parties or other left-wing parties, the Communist Party of Vietnam is a nationalist party in nature, with Ho Chi Minh Thought
often regarded as the main ideology of the party. This may have enabled the party to attract the support of the Vietnamese people.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "National Communism". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  2. S2CID 147194186
    .
  3. ISBN 9781316471821
    .
  4. JSTOR 48609679
    .
  5. ProQuest 303835540
    .
  6. ^ Fernbach, David (1973). "Introduction". Political Writings: The revolutions of 1848. New York: Random House. p. 23.
  7. ^ Marx K. & Engels F. "Manifesto of the Communist Party". Retrieved August 16, 2012 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  8. ^ Marx K. & Engels F. "Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians". Retrieved August 16, 2012 – via Marxists Internet Archive. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West. ... Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle. The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all settle matters with its own bourgeoisie.
  9. ISBN 978-0-85345-586-8
    .
  10. ^ Camus & Lebourg, p. 64; Gordon et al., p. 276; Leclercq, p. 26
  11. Feith, Herbert. The Wilopo Cabinet, 1952–1953: A Turning Point in Post-Revolutionary Indonesia
    . Ithaca, N.Y.: Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program, Dept. of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University, 1958. p. 52
  12. ISBN 9786028397155
    .
  13. S2CID 218546077
    .
  14. ^ "Entry Display Web Page".
  15. JSTOR 10.7829/j.ctv10tq53w
    .
  16. ^ "Rethinking National Identity after National-Communism? The case of Romania (by Cristina Petrescu, University of Bucharest)". www.eurhistxx.de. Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2014-04-03.

Bibliography

External links

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