Nature reserve
A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a
History
established the first nature reserve in 1821.Cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for animals date back to antiquity, with King
The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the
to nest in.
Waterton invented artificial nest boxes to house starlings, western jackdaws and sand martins; and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce little owls from Italy.[4] Waterton allowed local people access to his reserve and was described by David Attenborough as "one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it".[5]
Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany; the site was bought by the Prussian State in 1836 to protect it from further quarrying.
The first major nature reserve was
Around the world
There are several national and international organizations that oversee the numerous non-profit animal sanctuaries and refuges in order to provide a general system for sanctuaries to follow. Among them, the American Sanctuary Association monitors and aids in various facilities to care for exotic wildlife.[8] The number of sanctuaries has substantially increased over the past few years.[citation needed]
Australia
In Australia, a nature reserve is the title of a type of protected area used in the jurisdictions of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia. The term "nature reserve" is defined in the relevant statutes used in those states and territories rather than by a single national statute. As of 2016, 1767 out of a total of 11044 protected areas listed within the Australian National Reserve System used the term "nature reserve" in their names.[9]
Brazil
In Brazil, nature reserves are classified by the National System of Conservation Units as ecological stations (Portuguese: estações ecológicas) or biological reserves (Portuguese: reservas biológicas). Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference. Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes.[10] Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than three percent of the area or 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres), whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research.[11] A wildlife reserve in Brazil is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.[10]
Wildlife refuges in Brazil have as their objective the protection of natural flora and fauna where conditions are assured for the existence and reproduction of species or communities of the local flora and the resident or migratory fauna. The refuges can consist of privately owned land, as long as the objectives of the unit are compatible with the landowners' usage of the land and natural resources. Public visits are subject to the conditions and restrictions established by the management plan of the unit and are subject to authorisation by and regulations of the main administrative and scientific research body.[12]
Canada
In Canada, UNESCO has recognized 18 nature reserves, mostly along the Niagara Escarpment and St. Lawrence River in Ontario.[13]
Federally, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas across the country, containing species of ecological significance. The relevant Ministry is known as Environment and Climate Change Canada, which protects these areas under legislation known as the Canada Wildlife Act. The areas comprise approximately 1,000,000 ha (2,500,000 acres) of habitat, half of which is marine habitat, for the purpose of conservation and research.[14]
Many conservation groups protect nature reserves in Canada as well, including Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy. These charities operate to protect wilderness on privately owned lands, including through Canada's Ecological Gifts Program.[15]
Egypt
There are 30 nature reserves in
Europe
, an early Bulgarian nature reserve established in 1934Denmark
Denmark has three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km2 (9,900 acres) and is part of Thy National Park.
Sweden
In Sweden, there are 30 national parks. The first of them was established in 1909. In fact, Sweden was the first European country that established 9 national parks.[16] There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden. They comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Environmental Code.[17]
Estonia
In Estonia, there are 5 national parks, more than 100 nature reserves, and around 130 landscape protection areas. The largest nature reserve in Estonia is Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve, which covers 342 km2 (85,000 acres).
France
As of 2017, France counts 10 national parks, around 50 regional nature parks, and 8 marine parks.
Germany
In 1995
Hungary
In Hungary, there are 10 national parks, more than 15 nature reserves and more than 250 protected areas. Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe and the oldest national park in Hungary. It is situated on the eastern part of Hungary, on the plain of the Alföld. It was established in 1972. There are alkaline grasslands interrupted by marshes. They have a sizable importance because there are the fishponds. One of the most spectacular sights of the park is the autumn migration of cranes. Some famous Hungarian animal species live in Hortobágy National Park, such as the grey cattle, racka long-wool sheep living only in Hungary, Hungarian horses and buffalo. Hortobágy National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1 December 1999.
Poland
in SW PolandAs of 2011, Poland has 1469 nature reserves.[18]
Portugal
Nature reserves are one of the 11 types of protected areas in Portugal. As of 2012, Portugal had a total of 46 protected areas, which represented 6,807.89 km2 (2,628.54 sq mi) of land and 463.94 km2 (179.13 sq mi) of marine surfaces. Among the protected areas, nine are classified as nature reserve (Portuguese: reserva natural).[19][20]
Romania
About 5.18% of the area of Romania has a protected status (12,360 km2 (4,770 sq mi)), including the Danube Delta, which makes up half of this area (2.43% of Romania's total area).
Spain
There are 15 National Parks, and around 90 Natural Parks in Spain. Spain is the country with the most sites listed in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Switzerland
The Swiss National Park, created in 1914, was one of the earliest national parks in Europe. In addition to the Swiss National Park, Switzerland also has sixteen regional nature parks.[21]
The
Iran
, a biosphere reserve in IranThe biosphere reserves of Iran have a total land area of 1.64 million km2. The "reserves" support more than 8,000 recorded species of plants (almost 2,421 are endemic), 502 species of birds, 164 species of mammals, 209 species of reptiles, and 375 species of butterflies.[22]
India
India's 18 biospheres extend over a total of 85,940 km2 (33,180 sq mi) and protect larger areas than typical national parks in other countries. The first national reserve of India was established in 1986.
Israel
Israel's national parks are declared historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated and maintained by the National Nature and Parks Authority. As of 2019, Israel maintains more than 490 nature reserves that protect 2,500 species of indigenous wild plants, 20 species of fish, 530 species of birds and 70 species of mammals. In total, they cover 6,400 km2 (2,500 sq mi) of nature reserves, approximately 28% of the country's land area. In 1984, the two areas with the highest number of nature reserves were the South (15.2%) and Samaria (the Shomron, 13.5%).[23]
Japan
Under the Nature Conservation Law, places can be designated as 'wilderness areas', 'nature conservation areas' and 'prefectural nature conservation areas'. In 1995, when the Japanese Government published its information in English, there were 5 wilderness areas, 10 nature conservation areas and 516 prefectural nature conservation areas.[24]
Jordan
There are seven nature reserves in
Kyrgyzstan
By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves (Kyrgyz: корук, koruk) in Kyrgyzstan covering 600,000 hectares (6,000 km2) or about three percent of the total area of the country.
New Zealand
in New ZealandNew Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including
Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term nature reserve is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only. Some of these reserves include
Nicaragua
In
Russia
in RussiaThere are around 100 nature reserves (Russian: заповедник, zapovednik) in Russia, covering some 330,000 km2 (130,000 sq mi), or about 1.4% of the country's total area. A few of them predate the October Revolution of 1917, but most have been created during the Soviet Union era. There are also natural protected areas where only certain species are protected, or only certain activities are prohibited; those are known as zakaznik (Russian: заказник).
Unofficial sanctuaries can also occur as a result of human accidents; the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has in practice become a wildlife refuge since very few people live in the area. Wildlife has flourished in the zone since the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986.[26]
South Africa
South Africa is well known for its many nature reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the Groenkloof Nature Reserve that was established in 1892 in the capital city Pretoria in the old South African Republic and current Republic of South Africa.
The country has many national parks but the best-known is the Kruger National Park, which was announced in 1898, and is the largest, at nearly 2,000,000 ha (20,000 km2). The Kruger Park and Table Mountain National Park are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions, along with the Addo Elephant National Park.
South Africa also has 10 World Heritage Sites, including four natural sites and one mixed site. And it has provincial game reserves including Shamwari, Londolozi, Sanbona and Lalibela. The country currently has 20 national parks covering 3,700,000 ha (37,000 km2), about 3% of the total area of South Africa.
The Prince Edward Islands, which are South African territories in the Southern Ocean, have been declared a special nature reserve. It is a highly protected area from which all human activity is excluded, except for conservation and scientific research.
Sri Lanka
The area around Mihintale, Sri Lanka, was a sanctuary for wildlife,[27] probably the first of its generation in the ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within the area.
Ukraine
There are 4 biosphere reserves (two of them are dated 1927 and 1874) and 17 nature reserves in Ukraine, covering 160,000 ha (400,000 acres). Ukraine administers 40 national parks, 2632 habitat management areas, 3025 nature monuments, and 1430 other preservations.
United Kingdom
There are some differences between the regulations for England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, which are separately managed.
At the end of March 2004, there were 215
There are now over 1,050 local nature reserves in England. They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife. In total, they cover almost 40,000 ha (99,000 acres)—an impressive natural resource which makes an important contribution to England's biodiversity. A good example is Rye Harbour Nature Reserve in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats.
Through the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) was established in 1992 as a government body, responsible to the Scottish Government Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament. At 31 March 2008, there were 65 Scottish national nature reserves with a total area of approximately 1,330 km2 (510 sq mi). Section 21 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 gives local authorities the exclusive statutory power to establish a local nature reserve in consultation with the SNH.[28]
United States
.In the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, managed by the Secretary of the Interior, is responsible for managing many of the federal nature reserves including the National Wildlife Refuge System. The National Wildlife Refuge System includes areas administered for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, as well as wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.[29]
The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at
There are also state-level administered State Nature Reserves found throughout the country, as well as smaller reserves operated by local governments, private trusts, or even funded through public donations. Private nature reserves also exist, with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor, such as the 1,800 acres (730 ha) Wilbur Hot Springs.
See also
- Half-Earth, a proposal to increase global coverage
- National Wildlife Refuge Association
- Nature park
- Protection forest
- Refuge (ecology)
- Wildlife corridor
- Zoo
References
- ISBN 978-955-9059-04-2.
- ^ "Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS)". Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Walton Hall history". Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ^ "Charles Waterton (1782–1865)". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ^ Wakefield Express (23 February 2013). "Sir David Attenborough will open city centre's new museum". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-8229-5733-1.
- ^ Directions to Aulanko Archived 29 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine - Nationalparks.fi
- ^ "Accreditation". Yellowstone Wildlife Sanctuary. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type (2014)". CAPAD 2014. Australian Government – Department of the Environment. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ ICMBio, archivedfrom the original on 13 July 2016, retrieved 16 July 2016
- ^ Ecological Station, ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, archived from the original on 23 October 2018, retrieved 30 April 2016
- ^ "Brazil 2000. Federal Law Nº 9.985 of 07/18/2000. Regulates article 225 of the Federal Constitution and institutes the National System of Units of Conservation and other provisions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Canada Focal point for biosphere reserves (May, 2014)". United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations. 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ "Current national wildlife areas (April, 2019)". Government of Canada. 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ "Ecological Gifts Program (August, 2017)". Government of Canada. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ "Sveriges nationalparker" Archived 10 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 16 July 2021
- ^ "Sveriges nationalparker" Archived 4 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 14 May 2016
- (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ http://www.icnf.pt/portal/ap Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine List of Protected areas in Mainland Portugal, Portuguese Forest and Nature Conservation Institute
- ^ "Ambiente:áreas protegidas". Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^ Overview of the Swiss parks Archived 21 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Federal Office for the Environment (page visited on 27 July 2016).
- ^ "Islamic Republic of Iran | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ISBN 965-05-0193-2.
חוק גנים לאומיים ושמורות טבע תשכ"ג – 1963. 'שמורת טבע' – שטח שבו נשמרים חי, צומח, קרקע, מערות או מים, שיש בהם ענין של מדע או של חנוך, מפני שינויים בלתי רצויים במראם, בהרכבם הביאולוגי או במהלך התפתחותם, וששר הפנים, לפי הצעת שר החקלאות או לאחר התיעצות אתו, הכריז עליו ברשומות שהוא שמורת טבע.
- ^ "Nature Conservation in Japan". Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan. 31 March 1995. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ "O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
- ^ Mulvey, Stephen (20 April 2006). "Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ LankaLibrary (11 June 2006). "Mihintale – The first sanctuary in the world". LankaLibrary Forum. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Scottish National Heritage (SNH)". Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Glossary". www.fws.gov. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, Division of Refuge Planning, Mountain-Prairie Region. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^ "Lake Merritt – Wildlife Sanctuary". City of Oakland. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
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