Nazareth

Coordinates: 32°42′07″N 35°18′12″E / 32.70194°N 35.30333°E / 32.70194; 35.30333
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Nazareth
النَّاصِرَة‎, an-Nāṣira
נָצְרַת‎, Nāṣrat
View of Nazareth, with the Basilica of the Annunciation at the center
View of Nazareth, with the Basilica of the Annunciation at the center
UTC+3 (IDT)
Area code+972 (Israel)
Websitewww.nazareth.muni.il Edit this at Wikidata
Arab citizens of Israel
Politics
Religion
Culture
Major population centers
Personalities
See also

Nazareth (

Muslim and 30.9% Christian.[2][4][5][6] The city also commands immense religious significance, deriving from its status as the hometown of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity and a prophet in Islam
.

Findings unearthed in the neighboring Qafzeh Cave show that the area around Nazareth was populated in the prehistoric period. Nazareth was a Jewish village during the Roman and Byzantine periods and is described in the New Testament as the childhood home of Jesus.[7] It became an important city during the Crusades after Tancred established it as the capital of the Principality of Galilee. The city declined under Mamluk rule, and following the Ottoman conquest, the city's Christian residents were expelled, only to return once Fakhr ad-Dīn II granted them permission to do so.[8] In the 18th century, Zahir al-Umar transformed Nazareth into a large town by encouraging immigration to it. The city grew steadily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when European powers invested in the construction of churches, monasteries, educational and health facilities.

Since late antiquity, Nazareth has been a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events. The Church of the Annunciation is considered one of the largest Christian sites of worship in the Middle East. It contains the Grotto of the Annunciation, where, according to Catholic tradition, angel Gabriel appeared to Mary and announced that she would conceive and bear Jesus. According to Greek Orthodox belief, the same event took place at the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, also known as Church of Saint Gabriel. Other important churches in Nazareth include the Synagogue Church, St. Joseph's Church, the Mensa Christi Church, and the Basilica of Jesus the Adolescent.[8]

Etymology

Hebrew Netzer

One view holds that the name 'Nazareth' is derived from one of the Hebrew words for 'branch', namely ne·ṣer,

toponym might be an example of a tribal name used by resettling groups on their return from exile.[10] Alternatively, the name may derive from the verb na·ṣar, נָצַר, 'watch, guard, keep",[11] and understood either in the sense of 'watchtower' or 'guard place', implying the early town was perched on or near the brow of the hill, or, in the passive sense as 'preserved, protected' in reference to its secluded position.[12] The negative references to Nazareth in the Gospel of John suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the town's name to prophecy.[13]

Greek Nazara

Another theory holds that the Greek form

Semitic language form.[14] If there were a tsade (צ) in the original Semitic form, as in the later Hebrew forms, it would normally have been transcribed in Greek with a sigma (σ) instead of a zeta (ζ).[15] This has led some scholars to question whether "Nazareth" and its cognates in the New Testament actually refer to the settlement known traditionally as Nazareth in Lower Galilee.[16] Such linguistic discrepancies may be explained, however, by "a peculiarity of the 'Palestinian' Aramaic dialect wherein a sade (ṣ) between two voiced (sonant) consonants tended to be partially assimilated by taking on a zayin (z) sound".[15]

Arabic an-Nāṣira

The Arabic name for Nazareth is an-Nāṣira, and Jesus (

Qur'an, Christians are referred to as naṣārā, meaning "followers of an-Nāṣirī", or "those who follow Jesus of Nazareth".[17]

New Testament references

In the Gospel of Luke, Nazareth is first described as "a town of Galilee" and home of

Mary.[18] Following the birth and early epiphanial events of chapter 2 of Luke, Mary, Joseph and Jesus "returned to Galilee, to their own city, Nazareth".[19]

The phrase "Jesus of Nazareth" appears seventeen times in English translations of the New Testament, whereas the Greek original contains the form "Jesus the Nazarēnos" or "Jesus the Nazōraios."

Q document. It is found in Matthew 4:13[24] and Luke 4:16.[25][15] [dubious – discuss] However, the Textus Receptus clearly translates all passages as Nazara, leaving little room for debate there.[26]

Many scholars have questioned a link between "Nazareth" and the terms "

Galilean Aramaic."[28]

Extrabiblical references

Chora Church, Constantinople
)

The form Nazara is also found in the earliest non-scriptural reference to the town, a citation by

St. Jerome) also refers to the settlement as Nazara.[31] The nașirutha of the scriptures of the Mandeans refers to "priestly craft", not to Nazareth, which they identified with Qom.[32]

The first non-Christian reference to Nazareth is an inscription on a marble fragment from a synagogue found in Caesarea Maritima in 1962.[33] This fragment gives the town's name in Hebrew as נצרת (n-ṣ-r-t). The inscription dates to c. AD 300 and chronicles the assignment of priests that took place at some time after the Bar Kokhba revolt, AD 132–35.[34] (See "Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods" below.) An 8th-century AD Hebrew inscription, which was the earliest known Hebrew reference to Nazareth prior to the discovery of the inscription above, uses the same form.[15]

Nazarenes, Nasranis, Notzrim, Christians

Main article: Nazarene (title)

Around 331, Eusebius records that, from the name Nazareth, Christ was called a Nazoraean, and that, in earlier centuries, Christians were once called Nazarenes.

Jewish Christians in India who trace their origins to evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century, are sometimes known by the name "Nasrani" even today.[40][41]

History

Stone Age

Archaeological researchers[who?] have revealed that a funerary and cult center at Kfar HaHoresh, about two miles (3.2 km) from current Nazareth, dates back roughly 9,000 years to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B era.[42] The remains of some 65 individuals were found, buried under huge horizontal headstone structures, some of which consisted of up to 3 tons of locally produced white plaster. Decorated human skulls uncovered there have led archaeologists to identify Kfar HaHoresh as a major cult centre in that era.[43]

Bronze and Iron Age

The Franciscan priest

Middle Bronze Age (2200 to 1500 BC) and ceramics, silos and grinding mills from the Iron Age
(1500 to 586 BC) which indicated substantial settlement in the Nazareth basin at that time.

Roman period

Historic photo of Mary's Well

Archaeological evidence shows the Nazareth was occupied during the late Hellenistic period, through the Roman period and into the Byzantine period.[44][45]

According to the

flight from Bethlehem to Egypt. According to the Bible, Jesus grew up in Nazareth from some point in his childhood. However, some modern scholars also regard Nazareth as the birthplace of the historical Jesus.[46]

A

Eleazar Kalir (a Hebrew Galilean poet variously dated from the 6th to 10th century) mentions a locality clearly in the Nazareth region bearing the name Nazareth נצרת (in this case vocalized "Nitzrat"), which was home to the descendants of the 18th Kohen family Happitzetz (הפצץ), for at least several centuries after the Bar Kochva revolt.[citation needed
]

Although it is mentioned in the New Testament gospels, there are no extant non-biblical references to Nazareth until around AD 200, when

desposunoi – relatives of Jesus – who he claims kept the records of their descent with great care. Ken Dark describes the view that Nazareth did not exist in Jesus's time as "archaeologically unsupportable".[52]

The Basilica of the Annunciation

James F. Strange, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of South Florida,[53] notes: "Nazareth is not mentioned in ancient Jewish sources earlier than the third century AD. This likely reflects its lack of prominence both in Galilee and in Judaea."[54] Strange originally calculated the population of Nazareth at the time of Christ as "roughly 1,600 to 2,000 people" but, in a subsequent publication that followed more than a decade of additional research, revised this figure down to "a maximum of about 480."[55] In 2009, Israeli archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre excavated archaeological remains in Nazareth that date to the time of Jesus in the early Roman period. Alexandre told reporters, "The discovery is of the utmost importance since it reveals for the very first time a house from the Jewish village of Nazareth."[56][57][44]

Other sources state that during Jesus' time, Nazareth had a population of 400 and one public bath, which was important for civic and religious purposes, as a

mikva.[58]

Crusader-era carving in Nazareth

A tablet at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, dating to AD 50, was sent from Nazareth to Paris in 1878. It contains an inscription known as the "Ordinance of Caesar" that outlines the penalty of death for those who violate tombs or graves. However, it is suspected that this inscription came to Nazareth from somewhere else (possibly

Jewish settlement in the Roman period."[61]

In 2020, Yardenna Alexandre confirmed that Jews from Judea migrated to Galilee and settled in new villages and settlements, including Nazareth, since the late Hellenistic-Hasmonean period (c. late 2nd century). Under the leadership of priestly families, the Jewish inhabitants observed ritual purity laws. Previously, most of Galiee, except for minor short-lived Israelite settlements in the Naḥal Ẓippori basin, had an occupational gap for about 5 centuries because of the Assyrian conquest in 732 BCE.[44] However, there is strong evidence for Assyrian presence in Galilee, based on artefacts in Cana, which was north of Nazareth.[62] Konrad Schmid and Jens Schroter note that Assyrians were typically relocated to conquered territories, which most likely included Israel.[63]

Some scholars believed Jesus, a native of Nazareth, was influenced by Cynicism,[64][65] which was popular in Hellenized Galilean cities such as Gadara.[66]

Byzantine period

Diocaesarea, Sepphoris, Nazareth and Capernaum.[68] From this scarce notice, it has been concluded that a small church which encompassed a cave complex might have been located in Nazareth in the early 4th century",[69] although the town was Jewish until the 7th century.[70]

The Christian monk and Bible translator Jerome, writing at the beginning of the 5th century, says Nazareth was a viculus or mere village.[71]

In the 6th century, religious narrations from local Christians about the

Anonymous of Piacenza reports travelling from Sepphoris to Nazareth. There he records seeing in the Jewish synagogue the books from which Jesus learnt his letters, and a bench where he sat. According to him, Christians could lift it, but Jews could not, since it disallowed them from dragging it outside.[72] Writing of the beauty of the Hebrew women there, he records them saying St. Mary was a relative of theirs, and notes that, "The house of St. Mary is a basilica."[73] Constantine the Great ordered that churches be built in Jewish cities, and Nazareth was one of the places designated for this purpose, although construction of churches apparently only started decades after Constantine's death, i.e. after 352.[74]

Archaeologists have unearthed evidence that previous to the erection of the Byzantine-period church at the site of Mary's house in the mid-5th century, Judeo-Christians had built there a synagogue-church, leaving behind Judeo-Christian symbols.[47] Until being expelled in c. 630, Jews probably kept on using their older synagogue, while the Judeo-Christian needed to build their own, probably at the site of Mary's house.[47]

The Jewish town profited from the Christian pilgrim trade which began in the 4th century AD, but latent anti-Christian hostility broke out in AD 614 when the

Byzantine or Eastern Roman emperor Heraclius ejected the Persians in AD 629-630, he expelled the Jews from the village, turning it all-Christian.[74]

Early Muslim period

The

Caliph Yazid II apparently led to the destruction of the former church, so that Willibald found during his pilgrimage in 724-26 only one church there, the one dedicated to St. Mary, which Christians had to save through repeated payments from destruction by the "pagan Saracens" (Muslim Arabs).[75] The ruins of St. Joseph's remained untouched for a very long time, while the Church St. Mary is repeatedly mentioned throughout the following centuries, including by an Arab geographer in 943.[76]

Crusader period

Makam al-Nabi Sain Mosque
of Nazareth

In 1099, the Crusader

Louis IX, the king of France, attended mass in the grotto, accompanied by his wife.[78]

Mamluk period

In 1263,

Mamluk Sultan, destroyed the Christian buildings in Nazareth and declared the site off-limits to Latin clergy, as part of his bid to drive out the remaining Crusaders from Palestine.[78] While Arab Christian families continued to live in Nazareth, its status was reduced to that of a poor village. Pilgrims who visited the site in 1294 reported only a small church protecting the grotto.[78] In the 14th century, Franciscan friars were permitted to return and live within the ruins of the basilica.[78]

Ottoman period

Titus Tobler's 1868 map of Nazareth
Nazareth, in 1657, by Jan Janssonius
Nazareth, in 1839, published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
Felix Bonfils
, ca 1880

In 1584 the Franciscan friars were evicted again from the site of the ruined basilica.

Grotto of the Annunciation. Pilgrimage tours to surrounding sacred sites were organised by the Franciscans, but the monks suffered harassment from surrounding Bedouin tribes who often kidnapped them for ransom.[78]

Stability returned with the rule of Zahir al-Umar, a powerful Arab sheikh who ruled the Galilee, and later much of the Levantine coast and Palestine. He transformed Nazareth from a minor village into a large town by encouraging immigration to it. Nazareth played a strategic role in Zahir's sheikhdom because it allowed him to wield control over the agricultural areas of central Galilee.[79] He ensured Nazareth's security for other reasons as well, among them strengthening ties with France by protecting the Christian community and protecting one of his wives who resided in Nazareth.[80]

Zahir authorized the Franciscans to build a church in 1730. That structure stood until 1955, when it was demolished to make way for a larger building completed in 1967.

Synagogue Church in 1741 and authorized the Greek Orthodox community to build St. Gabriel's Church in 1767.[80] Zahir commissioned the construction of a government house known as the Seraya, which served as the city's municipal headquarters until 1991. His descendants—known as the "Dhawahri"—along with the Zu'bi, Fahum, and 'Onassah families later constituted Nazareth's traditional Muslim elite.[81]

Nazareth's Christian community did not fare well under Zahir's Ottoman successor,

massacres of 1860 by Aqil Agha, the Bedouin leader who exercised control over the Galilee between 1845 and 1870.[78]

the Nazareth Hospital as it is known today, with sponsorship from the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society. The Ottoman Sultan, who favored the French, allowed them to establish an orphanage, the Society of Saint Francis de Sale. By the late 19th century, Nazareth was a town with a strong Arab Christian presence and a growing European community, where a number of communal projects were undertaken and new religious buildings were erected.[78] In 1871 Christ Church, the city's only Anglican church, was completed under the leadership of the Rev John Zeller and consecrated by Bishop Samuel Gobat.[83]

In the late 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, Nazareth prospered as it served the role of a market center for the dozens of rural Arab villages located within its vicinity. Local peasants would purchase supplies from Nazareth's many souks (open-air markets), which included separate souks for agricultural produce, metalwork, jewelry and leathers.[84] In 1914, Nazareth consisted of eight quarters: 'Araq, Farah, Jami', Khanuq, Maidan, Mazazwa, Sharqiya and Shufani. There were nine churches, two monasteries, four convents, two mosques, four hospitals, four private schools, a public school, a police station, three orphanages, a hotel, three inns, a flour mill and eight souks.[85] The Ottomans lost control of Palestine, including Nazareth, to the Allied Powers during World War I. By then, Nazareth's importance declined significantly as most of the Arab villages in the Jezreel Valley had been replaced by newly established Jewish communities.[84]

British Mandate period

Nazareth, postcard by Karimeh Abbud, ca 1925
Nazareth, postcard by de:Fadil Saba, ca 1925
Nazareth, 1937

The

Zionist movement, sending a delegation to the 1919 First Palestine Arab Congress and issuing a letter of protest in 1920 that condemned the movement while also proclaiming solidarity with the Jews of Palestine. Politically, Nazareth was becoming further involved in the growing Palestinian nationalist movement. In 1922, a Muslim-Christian Association was established in the town, largely sponsored by the Muslim al-Zu'bi family. A consistent and effective united Palestinian Arab religious front proved difficult to establish and alternative organizations such as the Supreme Muslim Council's Organization of Muslim Youth and the National Muslim Association were established in Nazareth later in the 1920s.[86] in 1922 there had been a small population of 58 Jews and Jewish families living in Nazareth.[87]

Nazareth was relatively slow to modernize. While other towns already had wired electricity, Nazareth delayed its electrification until the 1930s and invested instead in improving its water supply system.[88] This included adding two reservoirs at the northwestern hills and several new cisterns.[86] By 1930, a church for the Baptist denomination, a municipal garden at Mary's Well and a police station based in Zahir al-Umar's Seraya had been established and the Muslim Sharqiya Quarter had expanded.[84]

In the

Saffuriya and al-Mujaydil played a more active military role, contributing nine commanders between them. The leaders of the revolt sought to use Nazareth as a staging ground to protest the British proposal to include the Galilee into a future Jewish state. On 26 September 1937, the British district commissioner of the Galilee, Lewis Yelland Andrews, was assassinated in Nazareth by local rebels.[89]

By 1946, the municipal boundary of Nazareth had been enlarged and new neighborhoods, namely Maidan, Maslakh, Khanuq and Nimsawi, were established. New homes were established in existing quarters and the town still had an abundance of orchards and agricultural fields. Two cigarette factories, a tobacco store, two cinemas and a tile factory had been established, significantly boosting Nazareth's economy.[84] A new police station was built on Nazareth's southernmost hill,[84] while the police station in the Seray had been converted into Nazareth's municipal headquarters. Watchtowers were also erected on some of the hilltops around the town. Other new or expanded government offices included a headquarters for the district commissioner at the former Ottoman military barracks, and offices for the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Survey and Settlement.[86]

Nazareth was in the territory allotted to the Arab state under the

capture of those cities on 18 April 22 April and 12 May 1948, respectively.[90]

Israeli period

1948 War

Amin-Salim Jarjora (left), Mayor of Nazareth, with Israeli prime minister Moshe Sharett, 1955

Nazareth itself was not a field of battle during the 1948 War, which began on 15 May, before the first truce on 11 June, although some of the villagers had joined the loosely organized peasant military and paramilitary forces, and troops from the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) had entered Nazareth on 9 July. The local defense of the town consisted of 200–300 militiamen distributed along the hills surrounding the town. The defense in the southern and western hills collapsed after Israeli shelling, while resistance in the northern hills had to contend with an incoming Israeli armored unit. Not long after the Israelis began shelling the local militiamen, Nazareth's police chief raised a white flag over the town's police station.[91]

Most of the fighting around Nazareth occurred in its satellite villages, particularly in

Saffuriya, whose residents put up resistance until largely dispersing following Israeli air raids on 15 July.[92] During the ten days of fighting which occurred between the first and second truce, Nazareth capitulated to Israeli troops during Operation Dekel on 16 July, after little more than token resistance. By then, morale among local militiamen was low and most refused to fight alongside the ALA because of their perceived weakness in the face of Israel's perceived military superiority and the alleged maltreatment of Christian residents and clergy by ALA volunteers. The Muslim mayor of Nazareth, Yusef Fahum requested a halt to all resistance put up by Nazarenes to prevent the town's destruction.[91]

The surrender of Nazareth was formalized in a written agreement, whereby the town's leaders agreed to cease hostilities in return for promises from the Israeli officers, including brigade commander

Chaim Laskov to forcibly evacuate the city's Arabs. He refused, remarking that he was 'shocked and horrified' that he would be commanded to renege on the agreement he, and also Chaim Laskov, had just signed. Twelve hours after defying his superior, he was relieved of his post, but not before obtaining assurances that the security of Nazareth's population would be guaranteed. David Ben-Gurion backed his judgement up, fearing that expelling Christian Arabs might provoke an outcry throughout the Christian world.[93] By the end of the war, Nazareth's population saw a large influx of refugees from major urban centers and rural villages in the Galilee.[89]

1950s–1960s

View of modern Nazareth

In the first few years of its incorporation into Israel, Nazareth's affairs were dominated by the issues of land expropriation,

Communist Party was the sole legal political group that took up many of the local Arab causes, it gained popularity in Nazareth.[95] Arab political organization within Nazareth and Israel was largely stymied by the state until recent decades.[96] Arab and Palestinian nationalist sentiment continue to influence Nazareth's political life.[97]

In 1954, 1,200

Nazareth Illit. The latter was built as a way for the state to counterbalance the Arab majority in the region.[98] Knesset member Seif el-Din el-Zoubi, who represented Nazareth, actively opposed the Absentees' Property Law, which allowed state expropriation of land from Arab citizens who were not permitted to return to their original villages. Zoubi argued that the internally displaced refugees were not absentees as they were still living in the country as citizens and wanted to return to their homes.[99] Israel offered compensation to these internal refugees, but most refused for fear of permanently relinquishing their right of return. Tensions between Nazareth's inhabitants and the state came to a head during a 1958 May Day rally where marchers demanded that refugees be allowed to return to their villages, an end to land expropriation, and self-determination for Palestinians. Several young protesters were arrested for throwing stones at security forces.[95]
Martial law ended in 1966.

On 5 January 1964,

first ever papal visit to the Holy Land.[100]

1980s–2010s

As of the early 1990s, no city plans drafted by Nazareth Municipality have been approved by the government (both the British Mandate and later Israel) since 1942.[101] This has left many people in Nazareth who vote in the city's municipal elections and receive services from its municipality effectively outside of the city's jurisdiction. Such areas include the Sharqiya and Jabal el-Daula quarters which are in Nazareth Illit's jurisdiction and whose residents had to acquire building permits from the latter city. Similarly, the Bilal neighborhood of the Safafra Quarter is located within Reineh's jurisdiction. In 1993, the residents of Bilal became official residents of Reineh.[101] Nazareth's municipal plans for expansion prior to the establishment of Nazareth Illit, were to the north and east, areas that the latter city now occupy. Arab satellite towns are closely located to the north, west and southwest. Thus, the remaining area within the city's municipal boundaries available for expansion were to the northwest and the south, where the topography restricted urban development. After lobbying the Knesset and the Interior Ministry, el-Zoubi was able to have areas to the northwest of the city annexed to the municipality.[102]

In the 1980s, the government began attempts to merge the nearby village of

Mashhad and Kafr Kanna to the north, Iksal and Nazareth Illit to the east and Migdal HaEmek
to the west.

October 2000 events
, Nazareth

As the political center of Israel's Arab citizens, Nazareth is the scene of annual rallies held by the community including Land Day since March 1975 and May Day.[103] There are also frequent demonstrations in support of the Palestinian cause.[104] During the First Intifada (1987–1993), May Day marchers vocally supported the Palestinian uprising. On 22 December 1987, riots broke out during a strike held in solidarity with the Intifada. On 24 January 1988, a mass demonstration attracted between 20,000–50,000 participants from Nazareth and other Arab towns.[105] On 13 May, during a football match in Nahariya, a riot broke out between Arab and Jewish fans, resulting in a Jewish man being stabbed and 54 people, mostly Arabs, being arrested. A rally in Nazareth on 19 May followed, in which thousands of Arabs protested against "racist attacks" against the Arab fans and discriminatory policies against Arabs in general.[103]

Preparations for the Pope's visit to Nazareth in 2000 triggered highly publicized tensions related to the Basilica of the Annunciation. In 1997, permission was granted to construct a paved plaza to handle the thousands of Christian pilgrims expected to arrive. A small group of Muslims protested and occupied the site, where a nephew of Saladin, named Shihab al-Din, is believed[who?] to be buried. A school, al-Harbyeh, had been built on the site by the Ottomans, and the Shihab-Eddin shrine, along with several shops owned by the waqf, were located there. Government approval of plans for a large mosque on the property triggered protests from Christian leaders. In 2002, a special government commission permanently halted construction of the mosque.[106]

In March 2006, public protests followed the disruption of a prayer service by an Israeli Jew and his Christian wife and daughter, who detonated firecrackers inside the church. The family said it wanted to draw attention to their problems with the welfare authorities.[107] In July 2006 a rocket fired by Hezbollah as part of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict killed two children in Nazareth.[108]

In March 2010, the Israeli government approved a $3 million plan to develop Nazareth's tourism industry. New businesses receive start-up grants of up to 30 percent of their initial investment from the

Ministry of Tourism.[109]

2020s

Riots broke out in Nazareth during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.[110]

Geography

Nazareth cityscape

Two locations for Nazareth are cited in ancient texts: the Galilean (northern) location in the Christian gospels and a southern (Judean) location mentioned in several early noncanonical texts.[111]

Modern-day Nazareth is nestled in a natural bowl which reaches from 320 metres

above sea level to the crest of the hills about 488 metres.[112] Nazareth is about 25 kilometres from the Sea of Galilee and about 9 kilometres west from Mount Tabor. The major cities of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv
are situated approximately 146 kilometres and 108 kilometres respectively, away from Nazareth. The Nazareth Range, in which the town lies, is the southernmost of several parallel east–west hill ranges that characterize the elevated tableau of Lower Galilee.

Further information: Iphtahel

Climate

Nazareth has a

hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification
: Csa).

Climate data for Nazareth, Israel
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22
(72) 		28
(82) 		31
(88) 		37
(99) 		42
(108) 		40
(104) 		40
(104) 		42
(108) 		41
(106) 		38
(100) 		32
(90) 		30
(86) 		42
(108)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		30.1
(86.2) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.6
(88.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		24.3
(75.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.0
(77.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		18.7
(65.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		19.4
(66.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8) 		7.9
(46.2) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.8
(56.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		14.4
(58.0)
Record low °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1
(30) 		2
(36) 		6
(43) 		8
(46) 		17
(63) 		17
(63) 		12
(54) 		7
(45) 		1
(34) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−3.9
(25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 156
(6.1) 		111
(4.4) 		72
(2.8) 		23
(0.9) 		7
(0.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.0) 		15
(0.6) 		72
(2.8) 		123
(4.8) 		580
(22.7)
Average precipitation days 16 14 11 6 3 1 0 1 1 6 9 15 83
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		68 63 61 53 50 50 52 55 56 59 59 70 58
Mean daily sunshine hours 6 6 7 8 11 12 12 11 10 9 7 6 9
Percent possible sunshine 54 57 59 65 76 85 86 85 81 75 68 55 71
Source 1: [113]
Source 2: [114] (sunshine percentages)

Demographics

Félix Bonfils

Nazareth is the largest Arab city in Israel.

Arab.[117] The greater Nazareth metropolitan area includes Nof HaGalil, Yafa an-Naseriyye, Reineh, Migdal HaEmek, Ein Mahil, Ilut, Kafr Kanna, Mashhad and Iksal.[118]

Nazareth is home to the largest Arab

Protestants.[120] By far the largest among them is the Greek-Orthodox community, headed by a Patriarch based in Jerusalem, and represented in Nazareth by a Metropolite.[121] The Christian communities in Nazareth tend to be wealthier and better educated compared to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel, and Christians of Nazareth occupy the majority of the top positions in the town: three hospitals and bank managers, judges and school principals and faculties.[122] The socio-economic gap between the Christians wealth and Muslim poverty led sometimes to sectarian crises.[123]

Many of the descendants of the

1948 Arab-Israeli war, the village of Damun.[126] Dhawahri, made up one of the important families in Muslim community of Nazareth, beside the Fahoums, the Zu'bis, and the Onallas.[127]

Demographic history

During the late Ottoman era, the religious majority of the city fluctuated. In 1838, there were 325 Christian families (half of whom were Greek Orthodox, the remainder belonged to various Catholic churches) and 120 Muslim families.[128] In 1856, the population was estimated to be 4,350, of which Muslims comprised 52%, while Christians from various denominations comprised 48%. In 1862, the population estimate was lower (3,120) and Christians formed a substantial majority of over 78%. The population grew to 5,660 in 1867 and Christians constituted roughly two-thirds and Muslims one-third of the inhabitants. These estimates during the late Ottoman era likely represented crude figures.[129]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Nazareth had about 6,575 inhabitants; 1,620 Muslims, 2,485 Greek Catholics, 845 Catholics, 1,115 Latins, 220 Maronites and 290 Protestants.[130]

For much of the

Christian majority (mostly Orthodox Christians) and a Muslim minority.[5]

In 1918, Nazareth had an estimated population of 8,000, two-thirds Christian.

Copts also existed.[132]

In 1946, Nazareth had a population of 15,540, of whom roughly 60% were Christians and 40% were Muslims. The 1948 War led to an exodus of Palestinians and many expelled or fleeing Muslims from villages in the Galilee and the Haifa area found refuge in Nazareth. At one point, some 20,000 mostly Muslim internally displaced persons were present in the city. Following the war's conclusion, the internally displaced persons of

Baysan remained as they were not able to return to their hometowns.[133] During the war and in the following months, internally displaced persons from Saffuriya established the Safafra Quarter, named after their former village.[134] Around 20% of Nazareth's native inhabitants left Palestine during the war. In an Israeli army census in July 1948, Nazareth had a total population of 17,118, which consisted of 12,640 Nazarenes and 4,478 internally displaced persons. In 1951, the population was recorded as 20,300, 25% of whom were internally displaced persons. The internally displaced persons came from over two dozen villages, but most were from al-Mujaydil, Saffuriya, Tiberias, Haifa, Ma'lul and Indur.[135]

Today, Nazareth still has a significant Christian population, made up of various denominations.

internally displaced Palestinian Arabs absorbed into the city from neighboring towns during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.[5]

Economy

Nazareth Hi-Tech Park

In 2011, Nazareth had over 20 Arab-owned high-tech companies, mostly in the field of software development. According to the Haaretz newspaper the city has been called the "Silicon Valley of the Arab community" in view of its potential in this sphere.[136]

Religious sites

Christian

Church in Nazareth on the supposed site of Joseph's workshop, 1891
Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation
Christmas Eve In Nazareth

Nazareth is home to dozens of monasteries and churches, many of them in the Old City.[137]

Muslim

Muslim holy sites include

  • The Shrine of al-Sheikh Amer
  • The Shrine of "to the Prophet we go" (
    Makam Ela-Nabi Sa'in Mosque
    )
  • The Shrine of Shihab ad-Din.

Muslim places of worship include

Archaeology

"Venerated area" near the Basilica of the Annunciation

While excavations conducted prior to 1931 in the Franciscan "venerated area" (the side of the hill known as Jabal Nebi Sa'in, stretching north of the Basilica of the Annunciation) revealed no trace of a Greek or Roman settlement there,

Byzantine artifacts,[145] attesting to unambiguous human presence there from the 2nd century AD onward. John Dominic Crossan, a noted New Testament scholar, remarked that Bagatti's archaeological drawings indicate just how small the village actually was, suggesting that it was little more than an insignificant hamlet.[146]

Early Roman house

Remains of a residential house dating to the Early Roman period were discovered in 2009 next to the Basilica of the Annunciation and are on display in the "International Marian Center of Nazareth". According to the Israel Antiquities Authority, "The artifacts recovered from inside the building were few and mostly included fragments of pottery vessels from the Early Roman period (the first and second centuries AD)... Another hewn pit, whose entrance was apparently camouflaged, was excavated and a few pottery sherds from the Early Roman period were found inside it." Archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre adds that "based on other excavations that I conducted in other villages in the region, this pit was probably hewn as part of the preparations by the Jews to protect themselves during the Great Revolt against the Romans in 67 AD".[147]

Kokh tombs

Noteworthy is that all the post-Iron Age tombs in the Nazareth basin (approximately two dozen) are of the

kokh (plural kokhim) or later types; this type probably first appeared in Galilee in the middle of the 1st century AD.[148] Kokh tombs in the Nazareth area have been excavated by B. Bagatti, N. Feig, Z. Yavor, and noted by Z. Gal.[149]

Ancient bathhouse at Mary's Well

In the mid-1990s, a shopkeeper discovered tunnels under his shop near

Mamluk and Ottoman periods.[151][152][153][154][155]

Education

Don Bosco School

With the near total depopulation of the Palestinian Arabs in the major cities of Haifa and Jaffa as a result of the 1948 war, Nazareth, Kafr Yasif and Rameh became one of a few towns in the newly-established state of Israel to emerge as a central space for Arab culture and politics.[156]

Three prestigious Arab

Christian schools (10 schools) that are found in the city.[158] Christian schools in Nazareth are among the best schools in the country, and while those schools represent only 4% of the Arab schooling sector, about 34% of Arab university students come from Christian schools.[159][160] These Arab Christian schools accommodate Christian students, Muslims, Druze from across the country.[161]

Sports

The city's main football club,

2009–10. They are based at the Ilut Stadium in nearby Ilut. Other local clubs are Al-Nahda Nazareth, currently plays in Liga Bet, Beitar al-Amal Nazareth, Hapoel Bnei Nazareth and Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth all play in Liga Gimel
.

Hospitals

Italian Nazareth Hospital

The city has three hospitals, run by the Christian community of Nazareth,[122] and serving its districts:

  • The Nazareth Hospital
    (also called the English Hospital)
  • French Nazareth Hospital
  • Italian Nazareth Hospital

Twin towns – sister cities

Nazareth is twinned with:

Other cooperation

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The other is ‏צֶמַח‎ tsémakh.
  2. ^ Ναζαρηνός ('Nazarene') and its permutations are at Mark 1:24; 10:47; 14:67; 16:6; Luke 4:34 and 24:19. Ναζωραῖος ('Nazōraean') and its permutations are at Matthew 2:23; 26:71; Luke 18:37; John 18:5, 7; 19:19; and six times in Acts of the Apostles.
  3. gentilic used of Jesus from the Tannaitic period onwards, would have corresponded to a hypothetical Jewish Aramaic *Nōṣrāyā, which would have in turn produced *Neṣōrāyā. A normal adaptation of this in Greek would yield Nazoraios.[20][21]
  4. ^ Nazarat/Nazarath are attested in a few Greek manuscripts, while the Syriac versions read Nazarath.[23]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^
    JSTOR 2538265
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  3. ^
    ISBN 9780804795203
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  4. ^ "2005" (PDF). Cbs.gov.il. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  5. ^
    ISBN 9781576079195
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-86372-219-6, archived
    from the original on 11 January 2014, retrieved 27 February 2016, The other major Jewish population centre in Galilee was Upper Nazareth, established next to Nazareth, the principal Palestinian city in Arab-populated Galilee.
  7. ISBN 978-0-85244-224-1. Archived
    from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Nazareth | Israel | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  9. ^ Isaiah 11:1
  10. ^ Bargil Pixner, cited in Paul Barnett, Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times, InterVarsity Press, 2002 p. 89, n. 80.
  11. ^ "...if the word Nazareth is be derived from Hebrew at all, it must come from this [Hebrew] root [i.e. 'to watch']" (Merrill, Selah, (1881) Galilee in the Time of Christ, p. 116. Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, Charles A. Briggs, The Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (1906/2003), p. 665.
  12. ^ R. H. Mounce, "Nazareth", in Geoffrey W. Bromiley (ed.) The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 Eerdmans Publishing 1986, pp. 500–501.
  13. ^ Bauckham, Jude, Jude, Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church, pp. 64–65. See John 1:46 and John 7:41–42
  14. ^ Carruth, 1996, p. 417 Archived 28 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
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  16. ^ T. Cheyne, "Nazareth", in Encyclopaedia Biblica, 1899, col. 3358 f. For a review of the question see H. Schaeder, "Nazarenos, Nazoraios", in Kittel, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, IV:874 f.
  17. ISBN 9780791407134. Archived
    from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  18. ^ Luke 1:26
  19. ^ Luke 2:39
  20. ^ In Carruth p.404
  21. ^ G.F.Moore, 'Nazarene and Nazareth,' in The Beginnings of Christianity 1/1, 1920 pp.426–432
  22. ^ Textual evidence suggests this form is an emendation made during the secondary process of synoptic standardization. Shawn Carruth, James McConkey Robinson, Christoph Heil, Q 4:1–13,16: The Temptations of Jesus: Nazara, p.395
  23. ^ Q 4:1–13,16: The Temptations of Jesus: Nazara, p.402.
  24. ^ Matthew 4:13
  25. ^ Luke 4:16
  26. ^ "Blue Letter Bible: Lexicon". Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  27. ^ Cheyne in 1899 Ency. Biblica, "Nazareth"; Lidzbarski [Kittel p. 878]; Kennard [JBL 65:2,134 ff.]; Berger [Novum Test. 38:4,323], et multi.
  28. ^ S. Chepey, "Nazirites in Late Second Temple Judaism" (2005), p 152, referring to W. Albright, G. Moore, and H. Schaeder.
  29. ^ Eusebius Ecclesiastical History, 1, vii,14, cited in Carruth, ibid. p.415.
  30. ^ Comment. In Joan. Tomus X (Migne, Patrologia Graeca 80:308–309.
  31. ^ Meistermann, Barnabas (1911). "Nazareth" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  32. ^ E. S. Drower, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Oxford University Press, 1937 reprint Gorgias Press, 2002 p.6
  33. ^ Avi-Yonah, M. (1962). "A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea". Israel Exploration Journal. 12: 137–139.
  34. ^ R. Horsley, Archaeology, History and Society in Galilee. Trinity Press International, 1996, p. 110.
  35. ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies – 2002 "... around 331, Eusebius says of the place name Nazareth that ' from this name the Christ was called a Nazoraean, and in ancient times we, who are now called Christians, were once called Nazarenes ';6 thus he attributes this designation ..."
  36. ^ Bruce Manning Metzger The early versions of the New Testament p86 – 1977 "Peshitta Matt, and Luke ... nasraya, 'of Nazareth'."
  37. ^ William Jennings Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament 1926 p143
  38. ^ Robert Payne Smith Compendious Syriac Dictionary 1903 p349
  39. ^ "Nasara". Mazyan Bizaf Show. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  40. ISBN 0-472-11490-5. Archived
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  41. ^ Bindu Malieckal (2005) Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India; The Muslim World Volume 95 Issue 2 page 300
  42. ^ Goring-Morris, A.N. "The quick and the dead: the social context of Aceramic Neolithic mortuary practices as seen from Kfar HaHoresh." In: I. Kuijt (ed.), Social Configurations of the Near Eastern Neolithic: Community Identity, Hierarchical Organization, and Ritual (1997).
  43. ^ "Pre-Christian Rituals at Nazareth". Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. November–December 2003. Archived from the original on 28 May 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
  44. ^ a b c Yardenna Alexandre (2020). "The Settlement History of Nazareth in the Iron Age and Early Roman Period". 'Atiqot. 98. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  45. ISBN 978-0-19-268899-6
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  46. ^ John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus: The Roots of the Problem and the Person,Vol. 1, Doubleday 1991, p.216; Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.97; E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin 1993, p.85.
  47. ^ a b c Emmett 1995, p. 17.
  48. First Jewish Revolt (70 AD), although some speculate that the relocation may have been "well into the second (or even the third) century [AD]." History and Society in Galilee, 1996, p. 110. In 131 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian
    forbade Jews to reside in Jerusalem, forcing Jewish residents to move elsewhere.
  49. ^ cf. Books of Chronicles - 1 Chronicles 24:7–19 and Book of Nehemiah - Nehemiah 11;12
  50. ^ Avi-Yonah, M. (1962). "A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea". Israel Exploration Journal. 12: 138.
  51. ^ "A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible." (Eusebius, Church History, Book I, Chapter VII Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine,§ 14)
  52. ^ Ken Dark, "Book review of The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus", STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, vol. 26 (2008), pp. 140–146; cf. Stephen J. Pfann & Yehudah Rapuano, "On the Nazareth Village Farm Report: A Reply to Salm", STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, vol. 26 (2008), pp. 105–112.
  53. ^ "Excavating a Lasting Legacy". University of South Florida.
  54. ^ Article "Nazareth" in the Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  55. ^ E. Meyers & J. Strange, Archaeology, the Rabbis, & Early Christianity Nashville: Abingdon, 1981; Article "Nazareth" in the Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  56. ^ House from Jesus' time excavated Archived 6 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine (23 December 2009) in Israel 21c Innovation News Service Archived 29 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 January 2010
  57. ^ "For the Very First Time: A Residential Building from the Time of Jesus was Exposed in the Heart of Nazareth (12/21/09)". Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  58. ISBN 978-1-59448-899-3
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  59. ^ Bagatti, B. Excavations in Nazareth, vol. 1 (1969), p. 249.
  60. ^ C. Kopp, "Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths." Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. 18 (1938), p. 206, n.1.
  61. ^ Jack Finnegan, The Archaeology of the New Testament, Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1992, pp. 44–46.
  62. JSTOR 43044121
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  64. ^ Quoted in R. Ostling, "Who was Jesus?", Time, August 15, 1988, pp. 37–42.
  65. ISBN 0-06-061629-6
  66. ^ In particular, Menippus (3rd century BC), Meleager (1st century BC), and Oenomaus (2nd century CE), all came from Gadara.
  67. ^ Epiphanius, Panárion 30.11.10, cited Andrew S. Jacobs,Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity, Stanford University Press, p.50 n.124, p.127.
  68. ^ Frank Williams,The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Book I (Sects 1–46) E. J. Brill (1897), rev.ed. 2009, p.140.
  69. ^ Taylor, J. Christians and the Holy Places. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, p. 265.
  70. ^ Taylor 229, 266; Kopp 1938:215.
  71. ^ a b c C. Kopp, "Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths." Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. 18 (1938), p. 215. Kopp is citing the Byzantine writer Eutychius (Eutychii Annales in Migne's Patrologia Graeca vol. 111 p. 1083).
  72. ^ Andrew S. Jacobs, Remains of the Jews, p.127.
  73. ^ P. Geyer, Itinera Hierosolymitana saeculi, Lipsiae: G. Freytag, 1898: page 161.
  74. ^ a b c Emmett 1995, p. 18.
  75. ^ Emmett 1995, pp. 18-19.
  76. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 19.
  77. ^ Murray, Alan, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125 (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 217.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dumper, p. 273.
  79. ISBN 90-04-11051-8. Archived
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  82. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 23.
  83. ^ Miller, Duane Alexander (October 2012). "Christ Church (Anglican) in Nazareth: a brief history with photographs" (PDF). St Francis Magazine. 8 (5): 696–703. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2013.
  84. ^ a b c d e Emmett 1995, p. 37.
  85. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 33.
  86. ^ a b c Emmett 1995, p. 39.
  87. ^ "Palestine Census ( 1922)". archive.org.
  88. ^ Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press
  89. ^ a b Emmett 1995, p. 40.
  90. ^ Emmett 1995, pp. 40–41.
  91. ^ a b Emmett 1995, p. 44.
  92. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 43
  93. ^ Derek J. Penslar, Jews and the Military: A History, Archived 3 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Princeton University Press 2013 p.235.
  94. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 49.
  95. ^ a b Emmett 1995, pp. 49–50.
  96. ^ Emmett 1995, pp. 50–51.
  97. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 48.
  98. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 52.
  99. ^ Emmett 1995, p. 51.
  100. ^ Sudilovsky, Judith (2009). "Papal Visits to the Holy Land". Official Catholic Directory. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
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  106. ^ "Final Bar on Controversial Nazareth Mosque". Catholic World News. 4 March 2002. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2006.
  107. ^ "Thousands of Israeli Arabs protest attack". USA Today. 4 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
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  109. ^ Doyle, Rachel B. (22 December 2011). "Nazareth as a Culinary Destination". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
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  111. ^ (a) The Protevangelium of James(c. 150 AD. See New Testament Apocrypha, ed. W. Schneemelcher, Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991, vol. 1, p. 421 ff.) was an immensely popular text in the early Christian centuries. In it, Jesus' family lives in Bethlehem of Judea (PrJ 8.3; 17:1) and all events take place in and around the southern town. PrJ does not mention Galilee or "Nazareth"; (b) the earliest reference to Nazareth outside the Christian gospels, by Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 200 AD), speaks of "Nazara" as a village in "Judea" and locates it near an as-yet unidentified "Cochaba"; (c) A fourth century work known as the History of Joseph the Carpenter knows a southern location for Nazareth. It locates "Nazareth", the home of Joseph, within walking distance of the Jerusalem Temple.
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Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nazareth.
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