Nazi gold
Much of the focus of the discussion about Nazi gold (German: Raubgold, "stolen gold") concerns how much of it Nazi Germany transferred to overseas banks during World War II. The Nazis looted the assets of their victims (including those in concentration camps) to accumulate wealth. In 1998, a Swiss commission estimated that the Swiss National Bank held $440 million ($8 billion in 2020 currency) of Nazi gold, over half of which is believed to have been looted.
Some of the accumulated wealth was used to finance the war, but the total spending remains unclear. The present whereabouts of the gold has been the subject of several books,
Acquisition
The draining of Germany's
However, this tendency towards
During the war, Nazi Germany continued the practice on a much larger scale. Germany expropriated some $550m in gold from foreign governments, including $223m from Belgium and $193m from the Netherlands.[2] These figures do not include gold and other instruments stolen from private citizens or companies. The total value of all assets allegedly stolen by Nazi Germany remains uncertain.
Merkers Mine
Advancing north from
The two women told Mootz[3] that the mine contained gold stored by the Germans, along with other treasures. Once back in his unit, he attempted to tell three other officers, but they weren't interested in listening. He called other military personnel; by noon, the story had passed on up to the chief of staff and the division's G-5 officer, Lt. Col. William A. Russell, who, in a few hours, had the news confirmed by other DPs and by a British sergeant who had been employed in the mine as a prisoner of war and had helped unload the gold. Russell also turned up an assistant director of the National Gallery in Berlin who admitted he was in Merkers to care for paintings stored in the mine.[4]
The next day was Sunday. In the morning, while Colonel
On Sunday afternoon, Bernstein, after verifying to the fullest the newspaper story with Lt Col R. Tupper Barrett, Chief, Financial Branch, G-5, 12th Army Group, flew to SHAEF Forward at
Disposal
According to a late-1990s study for the
The present whereabouts of the Nazi gold that disappeared into European banking institutions in 1945 has been the subject of several books,
Vatican
On October 21, 1946, the U.S. State Department received a top-secret report from
The report asserted that in 1945, the
Such claims, however, are denied by the Vatican Bank. Vatican spokesman
Portugal
During the war, Portugal, with neutral status, was one of the centres of
During the war, Portugal was the second largest recipient of Nazi gold, after Switzerland. Initially the Nazi trade with Portugal was in hard currency, but in 1941 the
In 2000, Jonathan Diaz, a French bus driver, found documents at the Canfranc International railway station that revealed 78 tonnes (86 short tons) of 'Nazi Gold' had passed through the station.[23][24]
It is estimated that nearly 91 tonnes (100 short tons) of Nazi gold were laundered through Swiss banks, with only 3.6 tonnes (4 short tons) being returned at the end of the war.[25]
See also
- August Frank memorandum
- Chiemsee Cauldron
- Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy § Business collaboration
- Confederate gold
- Gold laundering
- Lake Toplitz
- List of missing treasure
- Montagu Norman, 1st Baron Norman
- Moscow gold
- Nazi dental gold
- Nazi gold train
- Romanian Treasure – the Romanian gold reserves sent (alongside other valuable objects) to Russia for safekeeping during World War I, but never returned
- Yamashita's gold
References
Notes
- ^ Medlicott, William (1978). The Economic Blockade (Revised ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 25–36.
- ^ a b c d UK Treasury correspondence, T 236/931.
- ^ "Delaware soldier led 'Monuments Men' to gold, money and art". delawareonline. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
- ^ "Nazi Gold: The Merkers Mine Treasure". Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration, Prologue Page, vol. 31, no. 1. Spring 1999. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
- ^ a b McKinzie, Richard D. (23 July 1975). "Oral History Interview with Bernard Bernstein, July 23, 1975". Harry S. Truman Library. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ "Stars and Stripes (newspaper), Paris edition, Sunday April 8 1945. Printed at the New York Herald Tribune plant". Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
- ^ "Stars and Stripes (newspaper), Edition printed in Italy. Monday April 9, 1945. Page 2: See "Nazi Gold Reserves Found In Salt Mine";"US Gets Gold"". Out-of-copyright. 9 April 1945. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ Shannon Marvel (May 18, 2017). "Milford man's role in WWII discovery emerges". Dover Post. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Eizenstat, Stuart (June 2, 1998). "Eizenstat Special Briefing on Nazi Gold". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ Text of the Civil Action of January 21, 2000: Factual Allegations, nos. 25 – 38.
- ^ "United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-07-28.
- ^ "Slovodna Dalmacija". Slobodnadalmacija.hr. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
- ^ "CNN:"Vatican drawn into scandal over Nazi-era gold"". July 22, 1997. Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ "Inquiry Into Vatican Link to Looted Gold," The Guardian, July 23, 1997, p. 11
- ISBN 0-312-09407-8.
- ^ "U.S. Document Links Vatican, Nazi Gold.— Tyler Marshall, Times Staff Writer, Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1997". Los Angeles Times. 23 July 1997.
- ^ Paris 1961, p. 306.
- ISBN 0-312-09407-8.
- ASIN B000KOOLWE.
- ^ "The Vatican Pipeline by Frank Pellegrini". Time. July 22, 1997.
- ^ Gonçalves, Eduardo (2 April 2000). "Britain allowed Portugal to keep Nazi gold". The Observer. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ Lochery, Neill (17 May 2011). "Portugal's Golden Dilemma". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ Morin, Emmanuelle (4 March 2011). "Jonathan Diaz suit le filon de l'Histoire". Le République des Pyrénées. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Testemale, Jean (4 August 2020). "Gare de Canfranc : des hommes sur la piste de l'or nazi". Sud Ouest. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Simons, Marlise (10 January 1997). "Nazi Gold and Portugal's Murky Role". New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
Bibliography
- Aarons, Mark; Loftus, John (1992). Unholy Trinity: How the Vatican's Nazi Networks Betrayed Western Intelligence to the Soviets (revised, 1993 ed.). New York: St.Martin's Press. p. 297. ISBN 0312094078.
- Manhattan, Avro (1986). The Vatican's Holocaust: The Sensational Account of the Most Horrifying Religious Massacre of the 20th Century (1988, paperback ed.). Ozark Books. pp. 237 total. ASIN B000KOOLWE.
- Paris, Edmond (1961). Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941–1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecutions and Massacres. Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs.
Further reading
- Alford, Kenneth D.; Savas, Theodore P. (2002). Nazi Millionaires: The Allied Search for Hidden SS Gold (1st ed.). Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors. ]
- Bradsher, Greg (1999). "Nazi Gold: The Merkers Mine Treasure" in Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration, Prologue Page, Spring 1999, vol. 31, no. 1
- Infield, Glenn (1981). The Secrets of the SS (reissued, 1994 ed.). New York: Stein and Day. p. 288. ]
- Sayer, Ian (1984). Nazi Gold: The Story of the World's Greatest Robbery – And Its Aftermath (co-author Douglas Botting with the London Sunday Times). Granada. ISBN 0246117672.
- Taber, George M. (2014). Chasing Gold: The Incredible Story of How the Nazis Stole Europe's Bullion. Pegasus. ISBN 978-1605986555
- Vincent, Isabel (1997). Hitler's Silent Partners: Swiss Banks, Nazi Gold, and the Pursuit of Justice. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0688154257
- Wechsberg, Joseph; Wiesenthal, Simon (1967). The Murderers Among Us: The Simon Wiesenthal Memoirs. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 335. LCCN 67-13204.
- Yeadon, Glen (2008). The Nazi Hydra in America. Progressive Press. p. 700. ISBN 978-0930852436.
External links
- Nazi Gold and Art – from Hitler's Third Reich and World War II in the News Archived 2020-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Swiss gold holdings and transactions during WW2
- Report of the Swiss Bergier Commission
- (U.S. News & World Report) "A vow of silence. Did gold stolen by Croatian fascists reach the Vatican?" 30 March 1998
- Lawsuit against Vatican Bank to recover Second World War era gold
- Law-Related Resources on Nazi Gold and Other Holocaust Assets, Swiss Banks during World War II, and Dormant Accounts
- Nazi Gold: The Merkers Mine Treasure
- Bank of England role in selling Nazi gold looted from Czechoslovakia
- THE CASE OF GENERAL ANTE MOŠKOV 1945–1947 OR GENERAL ANTE MOŠKOV AND THE SO CALLED USTASHI GOLD 1945–1947