Nectanebo I
Nectanebo I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reign | 379/8–361/0 BCE[1][2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Nepherites II (29th Dynasty) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Teos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Children | Teos, 30th Dynasty |
Nectanebo I (Egyptian: Nḫt-nb.f; Greek: Νεκτάνεβις Nectanebis; died 361/60 BCE) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, founder of the last native dynasty of Egypt, the 30th.
Name
Nectanebo's Egyptian personal name was Nḫt-nb.f, which means "the strong one of his lord". Greek sources rendered the name as Νεκτάνεβις (Nectanebis). The writings of Manetho which have been preserved by George Syncellus spell it Νεκτανέβης (Nectanebēs), but this is probably only based on a phonetic approximation due to iotacism.[4] Although convention in English assigns identical names to him and his grandson, Nectanebo II, the two in fact had different names.[5]
Reign
Accession and family
Nectanebo was an army general from
The relationships between Nectanebo and the pharaohs of the previous dynasty are not entirely clear. He showed little regard for both Nepherites II and his father
Nectanebo had two known sons: Teos, who was his appointed successor, and Tjahapimu.[8]
Activities in Egypt
Nectanebo was a great builder and restorer, to an extent not seen in Egypt for centuries.[11] He ordered work on many of the temples across the country.[13]
On the sacred island of
Nectanebo was also generous towards the priesthood. A
Defeating Persian invasion
In 374/3 BCE Nectanebo had to face a
At this point, the mutual distrust that had arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from reaching Memphis. Then the annual
From 368 BCE many western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire started to rebel against Artaxerxes II, so Nectanebo provided financial support to the rebelling satraps and re-established ties with both Sparta and Athens.[15]
Succession
Nectanebo died during his 19th year as ruler. His tomb, sarcophagus and mummy have never been found. Towards the end of his reign (in Year 16 – 364/3 BCE), probably to remedy the dynastic problems that plagued his predecessors, Nectanebo restored the long-lost practice of the co-regency, associating his son Teos to the throne. However, shortly after Teos' accession, his brother Tjahapimu betrayed him and managed to put his own son Nakhthorheb (Nectanebo II) onto the Egyptian throne.[8]
References
- ^ Lloyd (1994), p. 358
- ^ Depuydt (2006), p. 279
- ^ von Beckerath 1999, pp. 226–227.
- ^ Popko & Rücker, pp. 52–53 (note 84).
- ^ Depuydt 2010, pp. 193–194.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 256.
- ^ Erman & Wilcken (1900)
- ^ a b c d Lloyd 1994, pp. 340–341.
- ^ Grimal 1992, p. 372.
- ^ Wilkinson 2010, p. 458.
- ^ a b c Wilkinson 2010, pp. 456–457.
- ^ a b Grimal 1992, p. 373.
- ^ a b Clayton 1994, p. 203.
- ^ a b Lloyd 1994, p. 353.
- ^ a b c Grimal 1992, p. 377.
- ^ Lloyd 1994, p. 354.
- ^ a b Lloyd 1994, p. 343.
- ^ Yoyotte (2006)
- ^ a b Grimal 1992, pp. 375–376.
- ^ Lloyd (1994), p. 348
Bibliography
- ISBN 3-8053-2310-7.
- Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
- Depuydt, Leo (2006). "Saite and Persian Egypt, 664 BC – 332 BC". In ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5.
- Depuydt, Leo (2010). "New Date for the Second Persian Conquest, End of Pharaonic and Manethonian Egypt: 340/39 B.C.E.". .
- ISBN 0-500-05128-3.
- S2CID 202508833.
- ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.
- Lloyd, Alan B. (1994). "Egypt, 404–332 B.C.". The Fourth Century B.C. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VI. ISBN 0-521-23348-8.
- Popko, Lutz & Michaela Rücker (2011). "P.Lips. Inv. 1228 und 590: Eine neue ägyptische Königsliste in griechischer Sprache". S2CID 191560200.
- ISBN 9781408810026.
- Yoyotte, Jean (2006). "An extraordinary pair of twins: the steles of the Pharaoh Nektanebo I". In F. Goddio; M. Clauss (eds.). Egypt's Sunken Treasures. Munich. pp. 316–323.
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Further reading
- de Meulenaere, Herman (1963). "La famille royale des Nectanébo". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 90: 90–93. S2CID 201843308.