Negative-strand RNA virus
Negarnaviricota | |
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A montage of Measles morbillivirus .
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Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Negarnaviricota |
Subtaxa | |
Synonyms[1][2] | |
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Negative-strand RNA viruses (−ssRNA viruses) are a group of related
Negative-strand RNA viruses constitute the
Negative-strand RNA viruses are closely associated with
Etymology
Negarnaviricota takes the first part of its name from Latin nega, meaning negative, the middle part rna refers to RNA, and the final part, -viricota, is the suffix used for virus phyla. The subphylum Haploviricotina takes the first part of its name, Haplo, from Ancient Greek ἁπλός, meaning simple, and -viricotina is the suffix used for virus subphyla. The subphylum Polyploviricotina follows the same pattern, Polyplo being taken from Ancient Greek πολύπλοκος, meaning complex.[1]
Characteristics
Genome
All viruses in Negarnaviricota are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (−ssRNA) viruses. They have genomes made of RNA, which are single instead of double-stranded. Their genomes are negative sense, meaning that messenger RNA (mRNA) can be synthesized directly from the genome by the viral enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called RNA replicase, which is encoded by all −ssRNA viruses. Excluding viruses in the genus
Replication and transcription
Replication of −ssRNA genomes is executed by RdRp, which initiates replication by binding to a leader sequence on the 3'-end (usually pronounced "three prime end") of the genome. RdRp then uses the negative sense genome as a template to synthesize a positive-sense antigenome. When replicating the antigenome, RdRp first binds to the trailer sequence on the 3'-end of the antigenome. Thereafter, RdRp ignores all transcription signals on the antigenome and synthesizes a copy of the genome while using the antigenome as a template.[6] Replication is executed while the genome is inside the nucleocapsid, and RdRp unveils the capsid and translocates along the genome during replication. As new nucleotide sequences are synthesized by RdRp, capsid proteins are assembled and encapsidate the newly replicate viral RNA.[2]
Transcribing mRNA from the genome follows the same directional pattern as producing the antigenome. At the leader sequence, RdRp synthesizes a 5-'end (usually pronounced "five prime end") triphosphate-leader RNA and either, in the case of the subphylum Haploviricotina, caps the 5'-end or, in the case of the subphylum Polyploviricotina, snatches a cap from a host mRNA and attaches it to the viral mRNA so that the mRNA can be translated by the host cell's ribosomes.[7][8][9]
After capping the mRNA, RdRp initiates transcription at a gene start signal and later terminates transcription upon reaching a gene end signal.[10] At the end of transcription, RdRp synthesizes a polyadenylated tail (poly (A) tail) consisting of hundreds of adenines in the mRNA's 3-end, which may be done by stuttering on a sequence of uracils.[11][12] After the poly (A) tail is constructed, the mRNA is released by RdRp. In genomes that encode more than one transcribable portion, RdRp can continue scanning to the next start sequence to continue with transcription.[10][7][13]
Some −ssRNA viruses are
Morphology
Negative-strand RNA viruses contain a
Evolution
Genome segmentation is a prominent trait among many −ssRNA viruses, and −ssRNA viruses range from having genomes with one segment, typical for members of the order Mononegavirales, to genomes with ten segments, as is the case for Tilapia tilapinevirus.[5][17] There is no clear trend over time that determines the number of segments, and genome segmentation among −ssRNA viruses appears to be a flexible trait since it has evolved independently on multiple occasions. Most members of the subphylum Haploviricotina are nonsegmented, whereas segmentation is universal in Polyploviricotina.[2][5]
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp shows that −ssRNA viruses are descended from a common ancestor and that they are likely a sister clade of
Within the phylum, −ssRNA viruses that infect arthropods appear to be basal and the ancestors of all other −ssRNA viruses. Arthropods frequently live together in large groups, which allows for viruses to be transmitted easily. Over time, this has led to arthropod −ssRNA viruses gaining a high level of diversity. While arthropods host large quantities of viruses, there is disagreement about the degree to which cross-species transmission of arthropod −ssRNA viruses occurs among arthropods.[4][5]
Plant and vertebrate −ssRNA viruses tend to be genetically related to arthropod-infected viruses. Furthermore, most −ssRNA viruses outside of arthropods are found in species that interact with arthropods. Arthropods therefore serve as both key hosts and vectors of transmission of −ssRNA viruses. In terms of transmission, non-arthropod −ssRNA viruses can be distinguished between those that are reliant on arthropods for transmission and those that can circulate among vertebrates without the aid of arthropods. The latter group is likely to have originated from the former, adapting to vertebrate-only transmission.[5]
Classification
Negarnaviricota belongs to the kingdom Orthornavirae, which encompasses all RNA viruses that encode RdRp, and the realm Riboviria, which includes Orthornavirae as well as all viruses that encode
- Subphylum: Haploviricotina, which contains −ssRNA viruses that encode an RdRp that synthesizes a cap structure on viral mRNA and which usually have nonsegmented genomes
- Class: Chunquiviricetes
- Order: Muvirales
- Family: Qinviridae
- Genus: Yingvirus
- Family: Qinviridae
- Order: Muvirales
- Class: Milneviricetes
- Order: Serpentovirales
- Family: Aspviridae
- Genus: Ophiovirus
- Genus:
- Family: Aspviridae
- Order: Serpentovirales
- Class: Monjiviricetes
- Class: Yunchangviricetes
- Order: Goujianvirales
- Family: Yueviridae
- Genus: Yuyuevirus
- Family: Yueviridae
- Order: Goujianvirales
- Class: Chunquiviricetes
- Subphylum: Polyploviricotina, which contains −ssRNA viruses that encode an RdRp that takes a cap from host mRNA to use as the cap on viral mRNA and which have segmented genomes
- Class: Ellioviricetes
- Order: Bunyavirales
- Class: Insthoviricetes
- Order: Articulavirales
- Class: Ellioviricetes
Negative-strand RNA viruses are classified as Group V in the Baltimore classification system, which groups viruses together based on their manner of mRNA production and which is often used alongside standard virus taxonomy, which is based on evolutionary history. Therefore, Group V and Negarnaviricota are synonymous.[1]
Disease
Negative-strand RNA viruses caused many widely known diseases. Many of these are transmitted by arthropods, including the
History
Many diseases caused by −ssRNA viruses have been known throughout history, including hantavirus infection, measles, and rabies.
In the 21st century, viral metagenomics has become common to identify viruses in the environment. For −ssRNA viruses, this allowed for a large number of invertebrate, and especially arthropod, viruses to be identified, which helped to provide insight into the evolutionary history of −ssRNA viruses. Based on phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showing that −ssRNA viruses were descended from a common ancestor, Negarnaviricota and its two subphyla were established in 2018, and it was placed into the then newly established realm Riboviria.[1][36]
Gallery
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Arenaviridae)
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Arenaviridae)
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Hantavirus (Hantaviridae)
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Ebola virus (Filoviridae)
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Human respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxoviridae)
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Parainfluenza (Paramyxoviridae)
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Vesicular stomatitis virus (Rhabdoviridae)
Notes
- hepatitis D virus is often called a virus but can be more specifically described as a virusoid-like pathogenic −ssRNA strand. It is excluded from Negarnaviricota because although it is −ssRNA, it does not encode RdRp, which is the unifying trait of viruses in Orthornavirae.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wolf Y, Krupovic M, Zhang YZ, Maes P, Dolji V, Koonin EV (21 August 2017). "Megataxonomy of negative-sense RNA viruses" (docx). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 6 August 2020.
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- ^ "Negative stranded RNA virus replication". ViralZone. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Negative-stranded RNA virus transcription". ViralZone. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "Cap snatching". ViralZone. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ S2CID 67769904. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ PMID 28104450.
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- ^ "Negative-stranded RNA virus polymerase stuttering". ViralZone. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "Ambisense transcription in negative stranded RNA viruses". ViralZone. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
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- ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
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- ^ "Transmission of Measles". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 5 February 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
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- ^ "Measles history". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 5 February 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
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- ^ "Vesicular stomatitis virus" (PDF). Swine Health Information Center. Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. November 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- PMID 25780183. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
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- ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Negarnaviricota". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 6 August 2020.
Further reading
- Ward, C. W. (1993). "Progress towards a higher taxonomy of viruses". Research in Virology. 144 (6): 419–53. PMID 8140287.