Negeri Sembilan Malay
Negeri Sembilan Malay | |
---|---|
Bahasa Melayu Negeri Sembilan بهاس ملايو نݢري سمبيلن | |
Baso Nogoghi | |
Pronunciation | [basɔ nɔgɔɣi] |
Native to | Malaysia |
Region | Negeri Sembilan, northern Malacca (Alor Gajah and Jasin Districts) and northern Johor (Segamat District) |
Native speakers | 508,000 (ethnic population) (2004)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | zmi |
Glottolog | nege1240 |
Negeri Sembilan Malay (Baso Nogoghi or Baso Nismilan;
History
The
.The number of inhabitants inland started increasing due to the rise of migrants and those migrants developed into their own groups of communities. These groups resulted in the creation of 12 clans (suku) as a whole. Different from in Sumatra, the naming of the clans were done based on the origin of the migrants. Migrants from Lima Puluh Kota formed the clans:
- Payakumbuh (Payo Kumbuh/Payokumbuah)
- Batu Hampar (Tompa)
- Mungkal (Mungka)
- Seri Melenggang (Somolenggang/Simalanggang)
- Seri Lemak (Solomak/Sarilamak)
- Tiga Nenek (Tigo Nenek/Tigo Niniak)
- Batu Belang (Batu Bolang)
- Tiga Batu (Tigo Batu/Tigo Batua Situjuah)
Meanwhile, the migrants from Tanah Datar formed the Tanah Datar clan. These migrants also formed three other clans which resulted from intermarriages with communities already settled where the aforementioned Tanah Datar migrants migrated to.[6] These clans were:
- Anak Acheh
- Anak Melaka (Anak Melako)
- Biduanda (Biduando/Dondo)
The Biduanda clan were seen as the leader of the clans that were present because they formed as a result of the intermingling between the Minangkabau people and the Orang Asli, the native people of the Malay Peninsula.
The opening of new mukims inland resulted in the formation of nine nagaris – also known as luaks – that were governed by Penghulus. The nagaris were:
These nine nagaris later formed a confederation that was called the Board of Negeri Sembilan (Malay: Lembaga Negeri Sembilan). This confederation was under the protection of the Johor Sultanate.
In the 18th century, the Johor Sultanate received several attacks and was in an unpeaceful state. During this period, Negeri Sembilan was under the
The two migration waves of Minangkabau people and the assimilation of the
Phonology
Comparison with Standard Malay[4]
Vowels
Correspondence Rule
(SM ≙ NSM) |
Standard Malay
(SM) |
Negeri Sembilan Malay
(NSM) |
English Translation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Final /a/ | ≙ | Half-low back /ɔ/ | apa | /apa/ | [apɔ] | 'what' |
Initial /o/ | orang | /oraŋ/ | [ɔɣaŋ] | 'person' | ||
Initial open syllable /ə/ | beras | /bəras/ | [bɔɣɛh] | 'raw rice' | ||
/u/ in final /uh/ | bunuh | /bunuh/ | [bunɔh] | 'kill' | ||
Close ended final /a/ | ≙ | Half-low front /ɛ/ | cepat | /t͡ʃəpat/ | [cɔpɛʔ] | 'quick' |
/i/ in final /ih/ | benih | /bənih/ | [bɔnɛh] | 'seed' | ||
/u/ in final /ut/ | ≙ | Half-high back /o/ | rambut | /rambut/ | [ɣambot] | 'hair' |
/u/ in final /uŋ/ | kampung | /kampuŋ/ | [kampoŋ] | 'village' | ||
/i/ in final /ir/ | ≙ | Half-high front /e/ | bibir | /bibir/ | [bibe] | 'lips' |
/i/ in final /it/ | bukit | /bukit/ | [buket] | 'hill' | ||
/i/ in final /iŋ/ | anjing | /aɲd͡ʒiŋ/ | [aɲd͡ʒeŋ] | 'dog' |
Consonants
Correspondence Rule
(SM ≙ NSM) |
Standard Malay
(SM) |
Negeri Sembilan Malay
(NSM) |
English Translation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial /r/ | ≙ | Voiced palatal fricative /ɣ/ | ramai | /ramai/ | [ɣamaj] | 'many' |
/r/ at the end of words | ≙ | Omitted | air | /air/ | [ae] | 'water' |
Initial /h/ | hidung | /hiduŋ/ | [idoŋ] | 'nose' | ||
/t/ in final /at/ | ≙ | Glottal plosive /ʔ/ | bulat | /bulat/ | [bulɛʔ] | 'circle' |
/s/ in final /as/ | ≙ | Sibilant fricative /h/ | lekas | /ləkas/ | [lɔkɛh] | 'quick' |
/s/ in final /is/ | nipis | /nipis/ | [nipih] | 'thin' | ||
/s/ in final /us/ | ≙ | Consonant cluster /ʲh/ | rebus | /rəbus/ | [ɣɔbuʲh]~[ɣɔbʉh] | 'boil' |
Vocabulary
According to Reniwati (2012), Negeri Sembilan Malay has a lexical similarity of 94.74% with Standard Malay and a lexical similarity of 83.16% with Minangkabau.[3]
Standard Malay | Minangkabau (Standard) | Negeri Sembilan Malay (with English meaning) | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Semua | Sado | Somuwo/Sumo (all) |
2 | Abu | Abu | Abu (ash) |
3 | Kulit Kayu | Kulik Kayu | Kulet Pokok (tree bark) |
4 | Perut | Paruik | Poghut (stomach) |
5 | Besar | Gadang/Basa | Godang/Bosa (big) |
6 | Burung | Buruang | Bughong (bird) |
7 | Gigit | Gigik | Giget (bite) |
8 | Hitam | Itam | Itam (black) |
9 | Darah | Darah | Daghah (blood) |
10 | Tulang | Tulang | Tulang (bone) |
11 | Tetek/Susu | Susu | Susu (milk) |
12 | Bakar | Baka | Baka/Bako (burn) |
13 | Kuku | Kuku | Kuku |
14 | Awan | Awan | Awan (cloud) |
15 | Sejuk/Dingin | Sajuak/Dingin | Sojuk (cold) |
16 | Datang | Datang/Tibo | Datang/Tibo (arrive) |
17 | Mati | Mati | Mati/Mampuih (die) |
18 | Anjing | Anjiang | Anjeng (dog) |
19 | Minum | Minum | Minom/Minam (drink) |
20 | Kering | Kariang | Koghing (dry) |
21 | Telinga | Talingo | Tolingo (ear) |
22 | Tanah | Tanah | Tanah (ground) |
23 | Makan | Makan | Makan (eat) |
24 | Telur | Talua | Tolo (egg) |
25 | Mata | Mato | Mato (eye) |
26 | Lemak/Gemuk | Gomok | Gomuk (fat) |
27 | Bulu | Bulu | Bulu (feather) |
28 | Api | Api | Api (fire) |
29 | Ikan | Lauak/Ikan | Ikan (fish) |
30 | Terbang | Tabang | Toghobang (to fly) |
31 | Penuh | Panuah | Ponuh (full) |
32 | Kaki | Kaki | Kaki (foot) |
33 | Beri | Agiah/Bari | Boghi/momboghi (give smth) |
34 | Baik | Elok/Baiak | Elok/Baek/baguih (good) |
35 | Hijau | Ijau | Ijau (green) |
36 | Rambut | Rambuik | Ghambut (hair) |
37 | Tangan | Tangan | Tangan (hand) |
38 | Kepala | Kapalo | Kopalo/Palo (head) |
39 | Dengar | Danga | Donga (listen, hear) |
40 | Jantung | Jantuang | Jantong (heart) |
41 | Tanduk | Tanduak | Tandok |
42 | Aku/Saya | Aden/Ambo/Awak | Ese/Ayo/Eden/Sey (I) |
43 | Bunuh | Bunuah | Bunoh (kill) |
44 | Lutut | Lutuik | Lutut |
45 | Tahu | Tau | Tau (know) |
46 | Daun | Daun | Daun/Daon (leaf) |
47 | Baring | Golek | Bagheng |
48 | Hati | Ati | Ati (heart) |
49 | Panjang | Panjang | Panjang (long) |
50 | Kutu | Kutu | Kutu (flea) |
51 | Lelaki | Laki-laki | Lolaki (boy) |
52 | Banyak | Banyak | Banyak (many) |
53 | Daging | Dagiang | Dageng (meat) |
54 | Bulan | Bulan | Bulan (moon) |
55 | Gunung | Gunuang | Gunong (mountain) |
56 | Mulut | Muncuang | Mulot (mouth) |
57 | Nama | Namo | Namo (name) |
58 | Leher | Lihia | Lehe (neck) |
59 | Baru/Baharu | Baru | Baghu (new) |
60 | Malam | Malam | Malam (night) |
61 | Hidung | Iduang | Idung (nose) |
62 | Tidak | Indak/ndak | Tidak/tak (no) |
63 | Satu | Ciek | Satu (one) |
64 | Orang | Urang | Ughang (person) |
65 | Hujan | Ujan | Ujan (rain) |
66 | Merah | Sirah | Meghah (red) |
67 | Jalan | Jalan | Jalan (road) |
68 | Urat | Urek | Ughek |
69 | Bulat | Bulek | Bulek (round, circle) |
70 | Pasir | Pasia/Kasiak | Pase (sand) |
71 | Sebut/Cakap | Sabuik | Sobut (Speak) |
72 | Lihat | Liek | Nengok (look) |
73 | Biji | Incek | Biji (seed) |
74 | Duduk | Duduak | Dudok (sit) |
75 | Kulit | Kulik/Jangek | Kulet (skin) |
76 | Tidur | Lalok | Tido/Lolap (sleep) |
77 | Asap | Asok | Asap (smoke) |
78 | Diri | Tagak | Togak (stand) |
79 | Bintang | Bintang | Bintang (star) |
80 | Kecil | Ketek/Kaciak | Kocik (small) |
81 | Batu | Batu | Batu (stone) |
82 | Matahari | Matoari | Matohaghi (sun) |
83 | Ekor | Ikua | Eko (tail) |
84 | {be-}renang | {ba-}ranang | {bo-}ghonang (to swim) |
85 | Itu | Itu | Itu (it) |
86 | Ini | Iko | Ini (this) |
87 | Kamu/Awak/Engkau/Kau | Awak/Sanak/Kau(perempuan)/Ang(laki-laki) | Awak/Ekau (you) |
88 | Lidah | Lidah | Lidah (tongue) |
89 | Gigi | Gigi | Gigi (tooth) |
90 | Pohon/Pokok | Batang Pohon | Pokok (tree) |
91 | Dua | Duo | Duo (two) |
92 | {ber-}jalan | {ba-}jalan | {bo-}jalan (to go) |
93 | hangat/panas | Angek | Paneh (hot) |
94 | Air | Aia | Ae (water) |
95 | Kami | Awak/Kami | Kami/Kito/Kitoghang (we) |
96 | Apa | A/Apo | Apo/Mondo (what) |
97 | Putih | Putiah | Puteh (white) |
98 | Siapa | Sia/Siapo | Siapo/Sapo (who) |
99 | Perempuan | Padusi | Poghompuan (girl) |
100 | Kuning | Kuniang | Kuning (yellow) |
101 | Saudara | Dunsanak | Waghih (brother, fellow) |
102 | Hari | Ari | Aghi (day) |
103 | Jatuh | Balambin | Bodobin/Tosombam (fall) |
104 | Bagaimana | Bak Apo/Ba'a/Bak Mano | Camno (how) |
105 | Pemalas | Panyagan | Penyogan/Pomaleh (lazy person) |
106 | Mari | Mari | Maghi (come) |
References
- ^ Negeri Sembilan Malay at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
- ^ Rahilah Omar; Nelmawarni (2008). "Negeri Sembilan: Rantau Minangkabau di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu". Historia: Journal of Historical Studies (in Malay). 9 (2): 2–30.
- ^ a b c d Reniwati (2012). "Bahasa Minangkabau dan Dialek Negeri Sembilan: Satu Tinjauan Perbandingan Linguistik Historis Komparatif". Wacana Etnik: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora (in Indonesian). 3 (1): 71–86.
- ^ .
- ^ a b "Sejarah Awal Pemerintahan Negeri Sembilan". Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan (in Malay). 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ a b Mestika Zed (2010). Hubungan Minangkabau Dengan Negeri Sembilan (PDF) (Working Paper) (in Indonesian). FIS Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang.
- ^ Aslinda; Noviatri; Reniwati (2015). "The Trace of Minangkabau-Wise in Malaysian Language". Scientific Journal of PPI – UKM. 2 (7): 291–295.
- ^ Aidafidah (4 January 2009). "Let Us Read: Kesinambungan Raja-raja Melayu". Let Us Read. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- .
- ^ Idris Aman; Norsimah Mat Awal; Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar (2016). "Imperialisme Linguistik, Bahasa Negeri Sembilan dan Jati Diri: Apa, Mengapa, Bagaimana" [Linguistic Imperialism, Negeri Sembilan Malay Language and Identity: To Know of What, Why and How]. International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (Iman) (in Malay). 4 (3): 3–11.
Further reading
- Hendon, Rufus S. (1966). The Phonology and Morphology of Ulu Muar Malay: (Kuala Pilah District, Negri Sembilan, Malaya). Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 70. New Haven: Dept. of Anthropology, Yale University.