Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Nenets Autonomous Okrug | |
---|---|
Pechora River , Zapolyarny District | |
Nenets | |
Website | http://www.adm-nao.ru/ |
The Nenets Autonomous Okrug
A plan to merge the autonomous okrug with Arkhangelsk Oblast was presented by the governors of both federal subjects on 13 May 2020,[12] with a referendum planned for September,[13] but was met with opposition by locals,[14] leading to the merger process being scrapped completely.[15]
Geography
The arctic ecology of this area has a number of unique features derived from the extreme temperatures and unique geologic province.
The okrug has a number of peninsulas – from west to east these are:
Administrative divisions
The okrug is administratively divided into one district (
Politics
Deputies in the State Duma
- Artur Chilingarov – Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russia of the I, II, III, IV, and V convocations (from 1993 to 2011) in the Nenets single-mandate constituency No. 218.
- Vladimir Pekhtin – Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russia of the VI convocation (from 2011 to 2013), elected on the regional list of the United Russia party. On 20 February 2013, Pekhtin voluntarily resigned as a deputy of the State Duma in connection with allegations of concealing income and real estate.[19][20]
- Elena Vtorygina – Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russia of the VI convocation (since April 3, 2013). Elected on the regional list of the United Russia party.
- Irina Chirkova – Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russia of the VI convocation (in 2011 she was elected on the regional list of Liberal Democratic Party of Russia.
- Sergey Kotkin – Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russia of the VII convocation in the Nenets single-mandate constituency No. 221.
History
Early history
The first recorded mention of the
By the 18th century, the area was part of Mezensky Uyezd.[21] In 1891, Pechorsky Uyezd was established and in 1896, so was Neskaya Volost.[21] Prior to the formation of the autonomous okrug, this area belonged in part to Mezensky Uyezd in Arkhangelsk Oblast and partly to Izhmo-Pechorsky Uyezd in Komi (Zyriansky) Oblast.[21]
Soviet history
The area now known as Nenets Autonomous Okrug was officially created on July 15, 1929, and at that time included
Recent history
Economy
Oil and gas
The economy of Zapolyarny district is dominated by oil and gas, constituting around 99% of all industrial activity within the whole Okrug.
In the first quarter of 2009, industrial production grew by 34.7% compared with the same period last year[26] However, investments in industrial and housing construction decreased by 60.6% and 90.9% respectively,[26] in the first three months of 2009, oil production totaled 4,419 million tons, an increase of over 35% on the same period in the previous year[25]
Infrastructure
As a result of the significant and speedy increase in investment in the area, the district is faced with a widespread infrastructure problem meaning that progress at many of the oil and gas exploration sites is hampered by accessibility issues, compounded by the severe arctic climate of the district.[23] The Duma of Nenets Autonomous Okrug has stated their intention to address this issue as a priority, including the construction of the third phase of the Naryan-Mar-Usinsk road,[23] construction of a Naryan-Mar-Telviska-Velikovisochnoye pipeline[23] and a renovation of the wastewater treatment system in Iskateley.[23]
Further plans by Russian railways include the construction of two railways linking settlements in Zapolyarny Municipal District, one, a line running 210 km from Vorkuta, in the Komi Republic, to Ust-Kara in the far east of the district, and another running from Sosnogorsk, also in the Komi Republic, to Indiga in the west of the district.[23] Officials have also proposed that the line to Ust-Kara be extended to Amderma to provide adequate transportation routes to allow the economic extraction of several mineral deposits, with an estimated worth of between €100–135 billion.[23]
Without this investment in infrastructure, the main means of transportation is air, with regular flights to
Indigenous economy
Reindeer husbandry is considered central to the Nenets' way of life, despite only 14% of Nenets people being involved in herding directly at the end of the twentieth century.[27] There are three types of reindeer in the district: collective, personal and private.[28] The majority of reindeer are owned by collective farms, with Nenets people employed to look after them. Those employed in such a capacity are then permitted to own additional personal reindeer, which do not require registration, nor a permit for grazing.[28] The private reindeer are held by the association of reindeer herders, Erv, but these are very much the minority, with reports in 1997 indicating that over 70% of reindeer were held collectively, over 20% personally and only just over 2% privately.[28]
The reindeer are kept, not only to provide for the families of the herders, but also to produce meat and antlers for sale.[29] This meat is mainly sold within the district,[29] since the price of reindeer meat has traditionally been lower than pork or beef,[30] but there are other markets in the Komi Republic and Arkhangelsk Oblast. These outlets are used mainly by groups such as Erv, which have come into existence since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Those groups that effectively represent a continuity of the old collective farm economy, such as Vyucheiskiy and Kharp, generally continue to provide their reindeer to a slaughterhouse as they have always done,[30] which results in lower profits than are generated through Erv's business plan, causing instability and debt amongst the collective farms though it is recognised that these collective farms do provide employment to those who would otherwise be without jobs.[30]
There has been little significant change in the organisation of the reindeer herding enterprises between Soviet times and today,[31] with little change in the number of businesses and those that continue to exist still practising the same business model, making changes only to the branding of the business.[31]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1926 | 12,200 | — |
1939 | 46,200 | +278.7% |
1959 | 36,881 | −20.2% |
1970 | 39,119 | +6.1% |
1979 | 47,001 | +20.1% |
1989 | 54,840 | +16.7% |
2002 | 41,546 | −24.2% |
2010 | 42,090 | +1.3% |
2021 | 41,434 | −1.6% |
Source: Census data |
Population: 42,090 (
Vital statistics
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 40 | 800 | 295 | 505 | 20.0 | 7.4 | 12.6 | |
1975 | 44 | 894 | 389 | 505 | 20.3 | 8.8 | 11.5 | |
1980 | 48 | 941 | 387 | 554 | 19.6 | 8.1 | 11.5 | |
1985 | 53 | 1 049 | 371 | 678 | 19.8 | 7.0 | 12.8 | |
1990 | 52 | 917 | 386 | 531 | 17.7 | 7.4 | 10.2 | |
1991 | 51 | 852 | 376 | 476 | 16.7 | 7.4 | 9.3 | |
1992 | 49 | 725 | 431 | 294 | 14.7 | 8.8 | 6.0 | |
1993 | 47 | 588 | 531 | 57 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 1.2 | |
1994 | 46 | 653 | 528 | 125 | 14.3 | 11.6 | 2.7 | |
1995 | 44 | 602 | 570 | 32 | 13.7 | 13.0 | 0.7 | |
1996 | 43 | 536 | 481 | 55 | 12.5 | 11.2 | 1.3 | |
1997 | 42 | 546 | 427 | 119 | 13.0 | 10.1 | 2.8 | |
1998 | 42 | 567 | 435 | 132 | 13.6 | 10.4 | 3.2 | |
1999 | 41 | 518 | 433 | 85 | 12.5 | 10.5 | 2.1 | |
2000 | 41 | 541 | 531 | 10 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 0.2 | |
2001 | 41 | 598 | 560 | 38 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 0.9 | |
2002 | 41 | 606 | 540 | 66 | 14.7 | 13.1 | 1.6 | |
2003 | 42 | 665 | 590 | 75 | 15.9 | 14.1 | 1.8 | |
2004 | 42 | 595 | 519 | 76 | 14.3 | 12.4 | 1.8 | 1.81 |
2005 | 42 | 607 | 513 | 94 | 14.6 | 12.3 | 2.3 | 1.81 |
2006 | 42 | 587 | 540 | 47 | 14.1 | 12.9 | 1.1 | 1.71 |
2007 | 42 | 653 | 528 | 125 | 15.6 | 12.7 | 3.0 | 1.88 |
2008 | 42 | 691 | 537 | 154 | 16.5 | 12.8 | 3.7 | 2.02 |
2009 | 42 | 695 | 495 | 200 | 16.6 | 11.8 | 4.8 | 2.05 |
2010 | 42 | 699 | 500 | 199 | 16.6 | 11.9 | 4.7 | 2.11 |
Ethnic groups
According to the
Historical figures are given below:
Ethnic group |
1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census1 | 2021 Census | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Nenets
|
5,602 | 11.8% | 4,957 | 10.9% | 5,851 | 15.0% | 6,031 | 12.8% | 6,423 | 11.9% | 7,754 | 18.7% | 7,504 | 18.6% | 6,713 | 18.0% |
Komi | 6,003 | 12.6% | 5,012 | 11.0% | 5,359 | 13.7% | 5,160 | 10.9% | 5,124 | 9.5% | 4,510 | 10.9% | 3,623 | 9.0% | 2,431 | 6.5% |
Russians | 32,146 | 67.5% | 31,312 | 68.8% | 25,225 | 64.5% | 31,067 | 65.8% | 35,489 | 65.8% | 25,942 | 62.4% | 26,648 | 66.1% | 26,021 | 69.6% |
Others | 3,866 | 8.1% | 4,253 | 9.3% | 2,684 | 6.9% | 4,960 | 10.5% | 6,876 | 12.8% | 3,340 | 8.0% | 2,524 | 6.3% | 2,238 | 5.9% |
1 1,791 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[34] |
Ethnographic maps shows the Nenets living throughout the Okrug, with the east-central section of the okrug, along the Komi Republic border, showing mixed Nenets-Komi population.[35]
Sport
Governor Igor Koshin has had talks with the Russian Bandy Federation about developing bandy.[36]
See also
- Music in Nenets Autonomous Okrug
References
Notes
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ "Губернатором НАО стал Юрий Бездудный". Kommersant. September 13, 2020.
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Occasionally referred to as Nenetsia in English
- ^ "Нормативная база на ненецком языке стала доступна в электронном виде". Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Quinn, Eilís (May 14, 2020). ""Catastrophic" economic situation prompts merger talks for Nenets AO and Arkhangelsk Oblast". The Barents Observer. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ Mukhametshina, Elena (May 13, 2020). "Arkhangelsk region and Nenets okrug merge in a year". Ведомости (in Russian). Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ Tóth-Czifra, András (June 3, 2020). "Lessons in division: is it a good idea to merge Russian regions?". Institute of Modern Russia. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ Antonova, Elizaveta (July 2, 2020). "The head of the Nenets Autonomous District declared refusal to unite with the Arkhangelsk region". RBC (in Russian). Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zapolyarny Municipal District Official Website – Background Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 100», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 11 100, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ "Пехтин совершил поступок, но не проступок" [Pekhtin committed an act, but not a misdemeanor]. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ "Няръяна вындер. Выпуск от 26 февраля 2013 г." [Naryana vinder. Issue dated 26 February 2013]. old.nvinder.ru. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Nenets Autonomous Okrug Official Website – 80 Years of NAO". adm-nao.ru. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ Russian: федерального закон № 131-ФЗ «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в РФ» (Federal law № 131-FZ "On general principles of local self-government in Russia").
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l M. Gardin et al. Barents Strategy for the Advancement of Finnish Enterprise in the Russian Barents Region, pp. 14 and 19
- ^ "NENETS AUTONOMOUS AREA". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
- ^ a b Barents Monitoring, p. 2
- ^ a b Barents Monitoring, p. 1
- ^ Tuisku, p. 190
- ^ a b c Tuisku, p. 191
- ^ a b Tuisku, p. 194
- ^ a b c Tuisku, p. 195
- ^ a b Tuisku, p. 203
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "ВПН-2010". www.perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ Map 3.2 (Nenetskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug) from the series prepared for the INSROP (International Northern Sea Route Programme) Working Paper No. 90 Archived July 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine in 1997.
- ^ "Визит в Архангельскую область – Архив новостей – Федерация хоккея с мячом России". rusbandy.ru. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
Sources
- T. Tuuisku, Transition Period in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Changing and Unchanging Life of Nenets People. First published in: ed. E. Kasten, People and the Land: Pathways to Reform in Post-Soviet Siberia, 2002, p. 189–205. Berlin: Deitrich Reimer Verlag
- The Norwegian Barents Secretariat – Barents Monitoring, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, First Quarter, 2009
External links