Neon
Neon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Appearance | colorless gas exhibiting an orange-red glow when placed in an electric field | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ne) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neon in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of vaporization | 1.71 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molar heat capacity | 20.79[6] J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
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Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discovery and first isolation | William Ramsay & Morris Travers[9][10] (1898) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Isotopes of neon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Neon is a
Neon was discovered in 1898 alongside krypton and xenon, identified as one of the three remaining rare inert elements in dry air after the removal of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. Its discovery was marked by the distinctive bright red emission spectrum it exhibited, leading to its immediate recognition as a new element. The name neon originates from the Greek word νέον, a neuter singular form of νέος (neos), meaning 'new'. Neon is a chemically inert gas, with no known uncharged neon compounds. Existing neon compounds are primarily ionic molecules or fragile molecules held together by van der Waals forces.
The synthesis of most neon in the cosmos resulted from the
Neon's notable applications include its use in low-
History
Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) and Morris Travers (1872–1961) in London.[15] Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off. The gases nitrogen, oxygen, and argon had been identified, but the remaining gases were isolated in roughly their order of abundance, in a six-week period beginning at the end of May 1898. The first remaining gas to be identified was krypton; the next, after krypton had been removed, was a gas which gave a brilliant red light under spectroscopic discharge. This gas, identified in June, was named "neon", the Greek analogue of the Latin novum ('new')[16] suggested by Ramsay's son. The characteristic brilliant red-orange color emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately. Travers later wrote: "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."[17]
A second gas was also reported along with neon, having approximately the same density as argon but with a different spectrum – Ramsay and Travers named it metargon.[18][19] However, the subsequent spectroscopic analysis revealed it to be argon contaminated with carbon monoxide. Finally, the same team discovered xenon by the same process, in September 1898.[18]
Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of
Neon played a role in the basic understanding of the nature of atoms in 1913, when
Isotopes
Neon has three
21Ne and 22Ne are partly
The principal nuclear reactions generating nucleogenic neon isotopes start from 24Mg and 25Mg, which produce 21Ne and 22Ne respectively, after neutron capture and immediate emission of an alpha particle. The neutrons that produce the reactions are mostly produced by secondary spallation reactions from alpha particles, in turn derived from uranium-series decay chains. The net result yields a trend towards lower 20Ne/22Ne and higher 21Ne/22Ne ratios observed in uranium-rich rocks such as granites.[25]
In addition, isotopic analysis of exposed terrestrial rocks has demonstrated the
Neon in solar wind contains a higher proportion of 20Ne than nucleogenic and cosmogenic sources.[25] Neon content observed in samples of volcanic gases and diamonds is also enriched in 20Ne, suggesting a primordial, possibly solar origin.[27]
Characteristics
Neon is the second-lightest noble gas, after
Neon plasma has the most intense light discharge at normal voltages and currents of all the noble gases. The average color of this light to the human eye is red-orange due to many lines in this range; it also contains a strong green line, which is hidden, unless the visual components are dispersed by a spectroscope.[31]
Occurrence
Stable isotopes of neon are produced in stars. Neon's most abundant isotope 20Ne (90.48%) is created by the
Neon is abundant on a universal scale; it is the fifth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see chemical element).[34] Its relative rarity on Earth, like that of helium, is due to its relative lightness, high vapor pressure at very low temperatures, and chemical inertness, all properties which tend to keep it from being trapped in the condensing gas and dust clouds that formed the smaller and warmer solid planets like Earth. Neon is monatomic, making it lighter than the molecules of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen which form the bulk of Earth's atmosphere; a balloon filled with neon will rise in air, albeit more slowly than a helium balloon.[35]
Neon's abundance in the universe is about 1 part in 750 by mass; in the Sun and presumably in its proto-solar system nebula, about 1 part in 600.[
Neon comprises 1 part in 55,000 in the
On 17 August 2015, based on studies with the
Chemistry
Neon is the first
The familiar Pauling electronegativity scale relies upon chemical bond energies, but such values have obviously not been measured for inert helium and neon. The Allen electronegativity scale, which relies only upon (measurable) atomic energies, identifies neon as the most electronegative element, closely followed by fluorine and helium.[41]
The triple point temperature of neon (24.5561 K) is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990.[42]
Production
Neon is produced from air in
About 70% of the global neon supply is produced in Ukraine[45] as a by-product of steel production in Russia.[46] As of 2020[update], the company Iceblick, with plants in Odesa and Moscow, supplies 65% of the world's production of neon, as well as 15% of the krypton and xenon.[47][48]
2022 shortage
Global neon prices jumped by about 600% after the
Applications
Lighting and signage
In
Other
Neon is used in
Liquefied neon is commercially used as a
References
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- ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ ISBN 0849304814.
- .
- ^ ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
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- ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
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- ^ "Neon: History". Softciências. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
- .
- ^ Group 18 refers to the modern numbering of the periodic table. Older numberings described the rare gases as Group 0 or Group VIIIA (sometimes shortened to 8). See also Group (periodic table).
- ISBN 978-0-7872-6763-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8493-7560-6.
- S2CID 98818445.
- ^ "Neon: History". Softciências. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2015.
- ^ a b Ramsay, Sir William (12 December 1904). "Nobel Lecture – The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
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- ^ Mangum, Aja (8 December 2007). "Neon: A Brief History". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
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- ^ Wolfe, Tom (October 1968). "Electro-Graphic Architecture". Architecture Canada.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-521-82316-6.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey, by Eric Caldwell, posted January 2004, retrieved 10 February 2011
- ^ "Neon: Isotopes". Softciências. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
- ^ Anderson, Don L. "Helium, Neon & Argon". Mantleplumes.org. Archived from the original on 28 May 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^ "NASSMC: News Bulletin". 30 December 2005. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
- ISBN 9788120330573. Archivedfrom the original on 16 November 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-4020-6972-7.
- ^ "Plasma". Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
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- ^ Morse, David (26 January 1996). "Galileo Probe Science Result". Galileo Project. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
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- ^ Steigerwald, William (17 August 2015). "NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere". NASA. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
- ^ S2CID 4464711.
- PMID 25002464.
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- ^ "The Internet resource for the International Temperature Scale of 1990". Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ a b c "Neon | Definition, Uses, Melting Point, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
- ISBN 0-07-057145-7.
- ^ Mukul, Pranav (29 March 2022). "Explained: Why the Russia-Ukraine crisis may lead to a shortage in semiconductors". MSN. The Indian Express.
- ^ Alper, Alexandra (11 March 2022). "Exclusive: Russia's attack on Ukraine halts half of world's neon output for chips". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Rare Gasses Supplier Known for Innovation". The European Times. 2020.
- ^ a b c Ukraine war flashes neon warning lights for chips, Reuters, 25 February 2022
- ^ a b c Times, Financial (4 March 2022). "Low on gas: Ukraine invasion chokes supply of neon needed for chipmaking". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Chipmakers see limited impact for now, as Russia invades Ukraine". CNBC. 24 February 2022.
- ^ Baumann, Edward (1966). Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes. Carlton Press.
- ISBN 978-0-471-49946-6. Archivedfrom the original on 29 June 2016.
Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp.
- S2CID 20290119. Paid access.
- ^ "ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart" (PDF). American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010. Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.
- ^ mlblevins (24 June 2009). "A Brief Summary of the Important Uses of Neon". Science Struck. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ Nuena, Julia (6 September 2019). "How Do Neon Signs Have Different Colors?". NeonSign.com. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ Thielen, Marcus (August 2005). "Happy Birthday Neon!". Signs of the Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012.
External links
- Neon at The Periodic Table of Videos(University of Nottingham)
- WebElements.com – Neon.
- It's Elemental – Neon
- USGS Periodic Table – Neon
- Atomic Spectrum of Neon
- Neon Museum, Las Vegas