Neophyte (botany)
In botany, a neophyte (from Greek
Terminology
The terminology of the invasion biology is very uneven. In the English-speaking world, terms such as
In English, summarizing terms such as alien species (foreign species) or, in the case of suppressing potencies, invasive species (invasive species) are used without differentiating between plants, animals and
Definition
In addition to the inconsistency, the
- According to one opinion, the terms neobiota or neophytes or neozoa apply regardless of when a species was introduced.
- According to another understanding, these names only apply to species introduced from 1492 onwards. The year of the discovery of America by Columbus was chosen as the border because it marks the beginning of the intensive exchange of living beings between Europe and America. Species that were previously displaced, such as useful plants introduced during the Neolithic Revolution, are called archaeobiota or archaeophytes (plants) or archaeozoa (animals). These terms are mainly used in the German-speaking world.[4]
The term neophytes goes back to the recognized definition by Albert Thellung from 1918, which was later modified many times.[5]
Biological invasion
One of the most important means of transport for neobiota today is global
Neobiota or neophytes are usually characterized by typical properties such as adaptability, high reproductive rate and often an association with humans. Together with the susceptibility of the new area to biological invaders and the number of displaced individuals, these properties determine the probability of success with which a stable population is established after a spreading event. When humans influence the environment, organisms can spread indirectly and migrate to a new area as neobiota. For example, canal construction enables aquatic life to gain access to a new area. However, it is not always clear whether the species have spread due to anthropogenic environmental changes and are consequently classified as neobiota.[7]
While numerous neobiota do not cause any noticeable negative effects, some established neobiota have a strongly negative influence on the
Examples
The neophytes include
See also
- Glossary of invasion biology terms
- Introduced species
- Invasive species
- List of invasive species
- Neobiota
- Hemerochory
References
- ^ Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Archaeophytes in Britain
- ^ Mark van Kleunen et al.: Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. In: Nature. Band 525, Nr. 7567, 2015, S. 100–103
- ^ Daniel Simberloff: Confronting introduced species: a form of xenophobia? In: Biological Invasions. Band 5, Nr. 3, 2003, S. 179–192
- ^ Siehe Ronaldo Sousa, Pedro Morais, Ester Dias, Carlos Antunes: Biological invasions and ecosystem functioning: time to merge. In: Biological Invasions. Band 13, Nr. 5, 2011, S. 1055–1058,
- ^ Franz Essl, Sven Bacher, Piero Genovesi, Philip E. Hulme, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Stelios Katsanevakis, Ingo Kowarik, Ingolf Kühn, Petr Pyšek, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Stefan Schindler, Mark van Kleunen, Montserrat Vilà, John R. U. Wilson, David M. Richardson: Which Taxa Are Alien? Criteria, Applications, and Uncertainties. In: BioScience. Band 68, Nr. 7, 2018, S. 496–509.
- ^ Petr Pyšek, David M. Richardson: Traits Associated with Invasiveness in Alien Plants: Where Do We Stand? In: Wolfgang Nentwig (Hrsg.): Biological invasions (= Ecological Studies. 193). Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2007, S. 97–126
- ^ Jonathan B. Losos, Kenneth I. Warheit, Thomas W. Schoener: Adaptive differentiation following experimental island colonization in Anolis lizards. In: Nature. Band 387, 1997, S. 70–73
- ^ D. M. Richardson, P. Pyšek, M. Rejmánek, M. G. Barbour, F. D. Panetta, and C. J. West. Naturalization and Invasion of Alien Plants: Concepts and Definitions. In: ‘‘Diversity and Distributions‘‘ Band 6, 2000, S. 93–107.
- ^ Barbara Tokarska-Guzik. The establishment and spread of alien plant species (kenophytes) in the flora of Poland. Publishing House of the University of Warsaw, Katowice, 2005