Neotame
Names | |
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Systematic IUPAC name
(3S)-3-[(3,3-Dimethylbutyl)amino]-4-{[(2S)-1-methoxy-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid | |
Other names
E961; N-(N-(3,3-Dimethylbutyl)-L-α-aspartyl)-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChEBI | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.109.344 |
E number | E961 (glazing agents, ...) |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C20H30N2O5 | |
Molar mass | 378.469 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | white powder[1] |
Melting point | 80.9–83.4 °C (177.6–182.1 °F; 354.0–356.5 K)[1] |
12.6 g/kg at 25 °C[2] | |
Hazards | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Neotame, also known by the
It is suitable for use in
In 2002,
Its
French scientists Claude Nofre and Jean-Marie Tinti invented neotame.[2] In 1992 they filed a patent for neotame within US, which was granted in 1996.[7]
Safety
In US and EU, the
The Center for Science in the Public Interest ranks neotame as safe.[8]
Sweetness
Neotame is
Water solutions of neotame, that are equivalent in
Neotame is a high-potency sweetener, and it is 6,000 to 10,000 times sweeter than sugar (sucrose), and even around 30 to 60 times sweeter than aspartame. Neotame contains flavor-enhancing properties and compared to sucrose or aspartame it has a relatively lower cost per sweetness factor. [10]
Chemistry
Structure
Neotame is formally a
Spectroscopy
Neotame NMR spectroscopy identifies its structure with a peak at 0.84 ppm indicating the three methyl groups on the carbon chain bonded to the nitrogen.[12]
Synthesis
Neotame is synthesized from aspartame through a reductive alkylation with 3,3-dimethyl-butylaldehyde in a palladium catalyst with methanol.[13] The stereochemistry of aspartame is conserved during the synthesis and therefore, neotame and aspartame have the same stereochemistry. (2S),(3S)-stereoisomer of aspartame is needed to synthesize the (2S),(3S)-stereoisomer of neotame.[13]
Properties and reactivity
Neotame has similar stability as aspartame, but has greater stability especially in heated and dairy foods. Increased temperature, moisture or pH increase losses, and are the main relevant properties of a food when considering the stability of neotame. For example, about 90% of original neotame remains after 8 weeks of storage in pH 3.2 beverages. Neotame is especially stable as a dry powder at room temperature and humidity even if mixed with e.g. glucose or maltodextrin, and is relatively inert in foods with reducing sugars like fructose.[2]
Unlike aspartame, neotame doesn't form
Over 1000 g of neotame dissolves in 1 kg of ethanol at 15 °C. At 15 °C the solubility of neotame is 10.6 g/kg in water and 43.6 g/kg in
Manufacture
Industrially neotame is made from 3,3-dimethylbutanal and aspartame via
Metabolism
In humans and many other animals like dogs, rats and rabbits, neotame is rapidly, but incompletely absorbed. Its
In humans at oral doses of about 0.25 mg per kg of bodyweight (mg/kg bw), about 34% is absorbed into blood. Pharmacokinetics of oral doses of 0.1–0.5 mg/kg bw are somewhat linear, and at such doses, maximum neotame concentration in blood plasma is reached after about 0.5 hours with a half-life of about 0.75 hours. In blood and in body in general, non-specific esterases degrade neotame to de-esterified neotame and methanol, which is the main metabolic pathway in humans. De-esterified neotame has a plasma half-life of about 2 hours, and is the main metabolite in plasma.[1]
In humans, over 80% of the original oral dose is excreted in feces and urine within 48 hours and the rest later. About 64% of the original dose is excreted in feces mostly as metabolites. Major metabolite in feces is the de-esterified neotame. Over 1% of the original dose is excreted in feces as N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartyl - L - phenylalanine. Over 1% is excreted in urine as carnitine conjugate of 3,3-dimethylbutyric acid. Other minor metabolites form.[1]
The major metabolic pathway leads to N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartyl - L - phenylalanine with a side product of methanol, and the minor pathway happens when the N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartyl - L - phenylalanine is oxidized into 3,3-dimethylbutyric acid. The side products for the minor pathway is methanol, aspartic acid and phenylalanine.[14]
Methanol from neotame metabolism is insignificant at regulated levels used in foods and in comparison to methanol naturally found in foods.[1]
Patent
The
References
- ^ ISSN 1831-4732.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Nabors 2012, p. 134–149
- ^ a b c Nutrition (2019-02-09). "Additional Information about High-Intensity Sweeteners Permitted for Use in Food in the United States". FDA.
- ^ Nabors 2012, p. 2–3
- ^ Halliday, Jess. "Neotame wins approval in Europe". foodnavigator.com. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
- ^ a b "Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption; neotame" (PDF). Federal Register. 67 (131): 45300–45310. 2002.
- ^ a b "US 5,480,668". Retrieved 2019-09-15.
- ^ "Chemical Cuisine | Center for Science in the Public Interest". cspinet.org. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
- PMID 30282936.
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- S2CID 93160173.
- ^ PMID 11308366. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "USPTO extension of 5,480,668". Retrieved 2012-09-21.
Further reading
- Nabors LO, et al. (2012). Alternative sweeteners (4th ed.). CRC Press. OCLC 760056415.
External links
- Media related to Neotame at Wikimedia Commons
- Official neotame website