Nero Claudius Drusus
Nero Claudius Drusus | |
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Livia Drusilla |
Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (38–9 BC), also called Drusus the Elder, was a
Drusus launched the first major Roman campaigns across the
Drusus was a very able commander. His death slowed the northward expansion of the Roman empire, and foreshadowed the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. He was enormously popular among his men, who erected the Drususstein in his honor; his memory was elevated during the reign of his son Claudius. Drusus' accomplishments in battle were considerable. He fought numerous Germanic chiefs in single combat, and was likely the fourth and final Roman to achieve the spolia opima (for taking the armor and weapons of an enemy king after defeating them in single combat), though he died before he could be honored for it.
Early life
Childhood
Drusus was the youngest son of
Drusus was raised in Claudius Nero's house with his brother, the future emperor Tiberius, until his legal father's death. The two brothers developed a famously close relationship that would last the rest of their lives. Tiberius named his eldest son after his brother, although eldest sons were usually named after their father or grandfather. Drusus named his second son (future emperor Claudius) after Tiberius.
Name
According to Suetonius, Drusus was originally given the name Decimus as his praenomen, but his full name was later changed to Nero Claudius Drusus. It is not known when or why the change occurred. The names were unusual at the time, both putting heavy emphasis on his maternal ancestry by using Livia's father's cognomen instead of that of her husband; in his original name the use of the praenomen Decimus was also atypical for prevalent families of the late Republic (especially for a patrician).[a][9] The eventual use of his father's cognomen Nero as a praenomen was highly unconventional as well.[6] His full name given at his Dies lustricus is generally assumed to have been Decimus Claudius Drusus, but some historians such as Andrew Pettinger, Pierre Grimal, T. P. Wiseman, Greg Rowe, Barbara Levick and Eric D. Huntsman believe it may have been Decimus Claudius Nero, Decimus Claudius Nero Drusus or Decimus Claudius Drusus Nero instead.[2][10][11][12][13][14][15]
Livia may have passed down her father's cognomen to her son simply because, besides her adoptive brother
Jean Mottershead proposed in her commentary of
Lindsay Powell believes that Drusus personally (despite his young age) may have changed his name directly after his father's death to preserve and honor his memory. In her opinion another motivation for the boy may have been the meaning of the name Nero, which in
Marriage
Drusus married
Career
Augustus bestowed many honors on his stepsons. In 19 BC, Drusus was granted the ability to hold all public offices five years before the minimum age. When Tiberius left Italy during his term as praetor in 16 BC, Drusus legislated in his place. He became quaestor the following year, fighting against Raetian bandits in the Alps. Drusus repelled them, gaining honors, but was unable to smash their forces, and required reinforcement from Tiberius. The brothers easily defeated the local Alpine tribes.
Drusus arrived in Gaul in late 15 BC to serve as legatus Augusti pro praetore (governor on Augustus' behalf with the authority of a praetor) of the three Gaulish provinces.[24] His contribution to the ongoing building and urban development in Gaul can be seen in the establishment of the pes Drusianus, or ‘Drusian foot’, of about 33.3 cm (13.1 in), which was in use in Samarobriva (modern Amiens) and among the Tungri.[25] From 14 to 13 BC, Augustus himself was also active in Gaul, whether in Lugdunum (modern Lyon) or along the Rhine frontier.[26]
As governor of Gaul, Drusus made his headquarters at Lugdunum, where he decided to establish the concilium Galliarum or ‘council of the Gaulish provinces’ sometime between 14 and 12 BC.
Germanic campaigns
Starting in 14 BC, Drusus built a string of military bases along the Rhine—fifty according to
As a reward for the successes of his campaign in 12 BC, Drusus was made praetor urbanus for 11 BC when he returned to Rome for the winter.[37] News of Drusus' achievements—navigating the North Sea, carrying the Roman eagles into new territory, and fixing new peoples into treaty relations with Rome—caused considerable excitement in Rome and were commemorated on coins.[37]
In the spring of his term as praetor urbanus, he set out for the German border once more. This time, he assembled a force consisting of all or part of five legions in addition to auxiliaries and, setting out from Vetera on the Rhine, ascended the River Lippe. Here he encountered the Tencteri and Usipetes, whom he defeated in two separate engagements.[38] He reached the Werra Valley before deciding to turn back for the season, as winter was coming on, supplies were dwindling, and the omens were unfavorable.[39] While his forces were making their way back through the territory of the Cherusci, the latter tribe laid an ambush for them at Arbalo.[40] The Cherusci failed to capitalize on their initial advantage, whereupon the Romans broke through their lines, defeated the Germanic attackers, and acclaimed Drusus as imperator.[40] To show his continued mastery of the ground, Drusus garrisoned a number of positions within Germania during the winter of 11–10 BC, including one somewhere in Hesse[41] and one in Cheruscan territory, probably either the camp at Haltern or that at Bergkamen-Oberaden,[42] both in present-day North Rhine–Westphalia.
He rejoined his wife Antonia and two children for a time in Lugdunum before the family returned to Rome, where Drusus reported to Augustus.[41] Drusus was given the honor of an ovation, and for the third time, Augustus closed the doors of the Temple of Janus, signifying that the whole Roman world was then at peace.[43] [44] Drusus was granted the office of proconsul for the following year. In 10 BC, the Chatti joined with the Sicambri and attacked Drusus' camp, but they were driven back. Drusus pursued them, proceeding from the sites of present-day Mainz and Rödgen, where he set up a base of supply, to Hedemünden, where a strong new camp was established.[45] Around this time, the canny Marcomannic king Maroboduus responded to the Roman incursion by relocating his people en masse to Bohemia.[46] In summer of 10 BC, Drusus left the field in order to return to Lugdunum, where he inaugurated the sanctuary of the Three Gaulish provinces at Condate on 1 August.[47] Augustus and Tiberius were in Lugdunum for this occasion (when Drusus' youngest son Claudius was born), and afterwards Drusus accompanied them back to Rome.[30]
Drusus easily won election as consul for the year 9 BC.[48] Once more he left the city before assuming office. His consulship conferred the chance for Drusus to attain Rome's highest and rarest military honor, the spolia opima, or spoils of an enemy chieftain slain personally by an opposing Roman general who was fighting (as consuls did) under his own auspices.[49] He quickly returned to the field, stopping to confer with his staff at Lugdunum and to dedicate a temple to Caesar Augustus at Andemantunnum, before rejoining his command at Mainz, from which the year's expedition departed in early spring.[50] Drusus led the army via Rödgen through the territories of the Marsi and Cherusci until he even crossed the river Elbe.[51] Here he is said to have seen an apparition of a Germanic woman who warned him against proceeding farther and that his death was near. Drusus turned back,[52] erecting a trophy to commemorate his reaching the Elbe, perhaps on the site of Dresden or Magdeburg.[53]
Drusus had sought out multiple Germanic (at least three) chieftains during his campaigns in Germany (12 BC–9 BC), engaging them in "dazzling displays of single combat".[46] The sources are ambiguous, but suggest that he could have potentially taken the spolia opima from a Germanic king, thus becoming the fourth and final Roman to gain this honor.[54] Regardless of whether he was actually able to take them in combat, however, Drusus' untimely death would prevent him from ever going through with the official ceremony. Notably, after Drusus' death, Augustus deposited the laurels from his fasces not in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus as he had done in the past, but in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius. J.W. Rich suggests that this action was done as an affirmation to Drusus' memory; had the young commander lived, he would have placed spolia opima in the temple himself.[55]
Death and legacy
Drusus was returning from his advance to the Elbe when he fell from his horse,[57] by which point Tiberius had joined him. Though he survived the initial accident, infection set in, and he died about a month later.[58] Shortly before his death he wrote a letter to Tiberius complaining about the style in which Augustus ruled and discussed forcing him to restore the republic.[59] Suetonius reports that he had refused to return to Rome just before his death. Drusus' body was brought back to the city, and his ashes were deposited in the Mausoleum of Augustus. He remained extremely popular with the legionaries, who erected a monument (the Drususstein) in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz) on his behalf. Remnants of this are still standing.
The Senate raised an arch on the Appian Way in his memory[60] (unrelated to the Arch of Drusus) which read "DE GERM" and depicted his Elbe trophy as well as him fighting on horseback, a testament to his personal bravery.[55] They also posthumously granted him the hereditary honorific title "Germanicus", which was given to his eldest son before passing to his youngest. It would be used by many members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, including its last three emperors: his grandson Caligula, his son Claudius, and his great-grandson Nero. Augustus later wrote a biography of him which does not survive. By Augustus' decree, festivals were held in Mogontiacum at Drusus' death day and probably also on his birthday.[60]
Drusus' mother Livia, much affected by the death of her second son, took the advice of the philosopher Areus to put up many statues and images of Drusus and speak often about him.[61] The surviving Latin work Consolatio ad Liviam is framed as an Ovidian message of consolation to Livia on this occasion, though it is generally considered a literary exercise "composed between the death of Livia [AD 29] and that of Tiberius [AD 37]".[62]
Augustus noted the successes of Drusus' campaigns—for which, as Drusus' superior, he took credit—in his Res Gestae Divi Augusti, written in 14 AD:
I restored peace to the provinces of Gaul and Spain, likewise Germany, which includes the ocean from Cadiz to the mouth of the river Elbe. [...] I sailed my ships on the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine to the east region up to the borders of the Cimbri, where no Roman had gone before that time by land or sea, and the Cimbri and the Charydes and the Semnones and the other Germans of the same territory sought by envoys the friendship of me and of the Roman people.
— Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti[63]
Upon
Historian Michael McNally considers Drusus to have been the most able of the various Roman commanders who attempted to conquer Germania, as well as the most successful. While the furthest extent of territorial gains would be realized the year after his death, under Tiberius, Drusus' death marked a slowing of Roman expansion. Drusus' successors would prove unfit for the task of conquering Germania, with disastrous results. Drusus was succeeded as commander in Germania by Tiberius, but Tiberius fell out of imperial favor, and chose self exile in 6 BC. Command then fell to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. Ahenobarbus was partly successful, becoming the first and last Roman general to cross the Elbe river, but was generally bogged down in suppressing revolts. Command then fell to Publius Quinctilius Varus, under whom the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (also called the Varian disaster) would occur. The destruction of Varus' entire army marked the end of northward Roman expansion. The Rhine became the de facto border of the Roman empire, rendering moot much of Drusus' life work.[58]
Family tree
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In popular culture
- He is a minor character in Robert Graves' historical novel I, Claudius, as well as the BBC's adaptation of the same title in which he was played by Ian Ogilvy.
- The annual festival celebrating Drusus' death is a main plot element in the second volume of the Romanike series by Codex Regius (2006–2014).
- He is a prominent character in the Hrabam Chronicles by Alaric Longward (2016).
- Drusus is also featured in the 2021 SFX TV series Domina, which portrays him in his early teenage years.
- A bust of Drusus was purchased in 2018 from a Goodwill shop in Texas for $34.99, being later identified as an authentic antique. It is presumed that the bust was taken by American soldiers during World War II from Aschaffenburg, Germany, where it will be returned in 2023.[67]
See also
Notes
- Livii Drusi, did not use Decimus either.[8]
References
Citations
- ^ a b Powell (2011), p. 3.
- ^ ISBN 9780199601745.
- ^ dies vitiosus) by Augustus (Cassius Dio 51.9.3). However, since Drusus's birth is also recorded as occurring within the third month after Livia's marriage to Augustus on 17 January, Radke proposes that Claudius used the astronomical discrepancies between the pre-Julian calendar under which Antony was born and the Julian calendar in effect at the time of Drusus' birth, to show that had the two been born under the same calendar, they would have shared a birthday. Gilbert Rodke (1978), "Der Geburtstag des älteren Drusus," Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft 4 (1978), pp. 211–213. Reviewing these theories, Anthony A. Barrett still considers 14 January the most probable birthdate, explaining the apparent three-month discrepancy as referring to Livia's betrothal, not her marriage (Barrett 2002, pp. 313–314).
- ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Claudius, 1
- ^ Donna W. Hurley, Suetonius: Divus Claudius (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 106
- ^ JSTOR 1088232– via JSTOR.
- ^ Claudius patrician. Stemma by Strachan.
- ^ a b Scherberich, Klaus (1995). Untersuchungen zur vita Claudii des Sueton (in German). Universität zu Köln. p. 40.
- JSTOR 1088232– via JSTOR.
- ^ Grimal, Pierre (1963). The Civilization of Rome. Allen & Unwin. p. 458.
- ISBN 9780905205625.
- ISBN 9780472112302.
- ISBN 9781134603794.
- JSTOR 44079922– via JSTOR.
- ^ Akveld, Willem Frederik (1961). Germanicus (in Dutch). J. B. Wolters. p. 4.
- JSTOR 1088232– via JSTOR.
- JSTOR 1088232– via JSTOR.
- ISBN 9781134603794.
- ^ Simpson, C. J. (1993). "Tiberius' adoption by M. Gallius and the elder Drusus' change in praenomen". Liverpool Classical Monthly. 18 (8–10). John Pinsent: 154–155.
- ISBN 9780862920807.
- ^ Powell (2011).
- ^ Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX IV.3.3 (Latin text). Cited in Powell (2011), p. 91.
- ISBN 9780415080293.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 48–49.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 53–54.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 48, 61, 70.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 56.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 56–57.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 97–99.
- ^ a b Powell (2011), p. 99.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 62–64.
- ^ These were, according to Powell (2011), p. 61, Legiones I Germanica, V Alaudae, XIII Gemina, XIV Gemina, XVI Gallica, XVII, XVIII, and XIX (the last three being the legions that would later be destroyed while under the command of Varus).
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 64–65, 70.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 74, 77.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 78.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 78–79.
- ^ a b c Powell (2011), p. 79.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 81. The legions in question this time were the I Germanica, the V Alaudae, the XVII, the XVIII, and the XIX.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 83–84.
- ^ a b Powell (2011), p. 89.
- ^ a b Powell (2011), p. 91.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 90.
- ^ Gaius Stern, Women, Children, and Priests on the Ara Pacis Augustae (2006 Berk. diss.) Chapter 2, 4, 9, followed by Powell, et. al. Note that Augustus closed Janus in 29 and 25 BC before this 13/12 BC closure.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 92.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. xxvii, 93.
- ^ a b Powell (2011), p. 94.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 97.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 100.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 95.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 102.
- ^ Powell (2011), pp. 102–104.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 104.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 105.
- ^ Powell (2011), p. 96 and note 155 on p. 199, citing Suetonius Claudius I.4.
- ^ a b Rich, J. W. “Drusus and the Spolia Opima.” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 2, 1999, pp. 544–555. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/639878. Accessed 10 August 2020.
- ISBN 3-89889-078-3.
- ^ Barbara Levick, Claudius (Yale University Press, 10 September 1993), p. 11.
- ^ OCLC 610837226.
- ^ Suetonius, Tiberius, 50
- ^ a b Suetonius, Claudius I.1.3
- ^ Barrett (2002), p. 44.
- S2CID 163623198.
- ^ Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti 26. Translated by Thomas Bushnell (2011) and placed by his permission on Wikisource. Passage also quoted in Powell (2011), p. 80.
- ^ Osgood (2011), pp. 60–61.
- ^ Osgood (2011), p. 188.
- ^ Osgood (2011), p. 93.
- ^ O'Caine, Caitlin (5 May 2022). "A woman bought a statue for $34.99 at a Goodwill in Texas. It turned out to be an ancient Roman artifact — and likely looted". CBS News. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
Bibliography
- Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Livia: First Lady of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09196-6.
- Osgood, Josiah (2011). Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88181-4.
- Powell, Lindsay (2011). Eager for Glory: The Untold Story of Drusus the Elder, Conqueror of Germania. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84884-333-2.
- Rich, J. W. “Drusus and the Spolia Opima.” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 2, 1999, pp. 544–555. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/639878. Accessed 10 August 2020.