Neues Museum

New Museum

Neues Museum
Façade of the Neues Museum
Established	1855
Location	Museum Island, Berlin
Coordinates	52°31′14″N 13°23′52″E / 52.52056°N 13.39778°E / 52.52056; 13.39778
Type	Archaeology museum
Public transit access	U: Museumsinsel ()
Website	www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/neues-museum/home/
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of	Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iv
Reference	896
Inscription	1999 (23rd Session)
Area	8.6 ha (21 acres)
Buffer zone	22.5 ha (56 acres)

The Neues Museum (New Museum) is a listed building on the

Overview

The Neues Museum was the second museum to be built on

.

Moreover, the Neues Museum is an important monument in the history of construction and technology. With its various iron constructions, it is the first monumental building of Prussia to consistently apply new techniques made possible by industrialization. As a further innovation, a steam engine was used for the first time in construction in Berlin. Among other things, it was used to ram pilings into the building ground. The soft, spongy soil around the River Spree means that buildings in the central area of Berlin require deep foundations.

It was built between 1843 and 1855 according to plans by Friedrich August Stüler, a student of Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The museum was closed at the beginning of World War II in 1939,^[4] and was heavily damaged during the bombing of Berlin. The rebuilding was overseen by the English architect David Chipperfield.^[5] The museum officially reopened in October 2009^[6] and received a 2010 RIBA European Award^[7] and the 2011 European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture.

Exhibits include the Egyptian and Prehistory and Early History collections, as it did before the war. The artifacts it houses include the iconic bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti.^[6]

Both as a part of the Museum Island complex and as an individual building, the museum testifies to the neoclassical architecture of museums in the 19th century. With its new industrialized building procedures and its use of iron construction, the museum plays an important role in the history of technology. Since the classical and ornate interiors of the Glyptothek and of the Alte Pinakothek in Munich were destroyed in World War II, the partly destroyed interior of the Neues Museum ranks among the last remaining examples of interior museum layout of this period in Germany.

History

Construction

Construction of the Neues Museum began on 19 June 1841, under the auspices of a committee established by Frederick William IV, which included the curator of the Royal Museums, Ignaz von Olfers, as well as Friedrich August Stüler. The king, with his cabinet, had already ordered that the construction project be assigned to Stüler on 8 March 1841. The poor quality of the ground at the building site became apparent quickly, when the workers discovered deposits of diatomaceous earth just below the surface. Therefore, a pile structure was necessary under the whole building, consisting of 2344 wooden foundation piles between 6.9 and 18.2 meters (23 and 60 ft) long. To ram the piles in, a 5-horsepower (3.7 kW) steam engine was used, whose power could be increased if necessary to 10 hp (7.5 kW). It drove the pumps that drained the building site, the elevators, and the mortar mixing machines. The newsletter of the Berlin Architecture Association reported on the building site and the new technical devices.

On 6 April 1843 when the ceremony of laying the cornerstone took place, the foundations, including the

led to delays in the construction work, which was however not completely interrupted at any time. As soon as the respective areas were completed, the installation of the collection began, until the museum was finally opened in 1855 to the public, although work on parts of the interior decoration, in particular the wall frescos in the stairway, continued until 1866.

From opening to World War II

When the Neues Museum opened, there were the Egyptian, patriotic and ethnographic collections in the ground floor, while the collections of the plaster casts of Greek and Roman sculptures from antiquity and

, in 1881. The areas thus freed in the ground floor housed the Egyptian collection again, while the areas in the first floor were occupied by the collection of etchings and engravings.

From 1883 to 1887, an additional mezzanine level, which is not visible from the exterior, was added to the Neues Museum. The collection of plaster casts, a centerpiece of collections at the time of the construction, grew during the course of the 19th century to become one of the most extensive and most comprehensive cast collections. However, because of a change in curatorial priorities in favour of original works of art, it was handed over between 1916 and 1920 (with the exception of the largest statues) to the

, where it was destroyed to a large extent during World War II.

In the halls of the first floor, the vase collection of the antique museum, as well as the papyrus collection of the Egyptian museum were installed. Changes in the ground floor, from 1919 to 1923, led for the first time to substantial changes in the original building. In the Greek courtyard, the apse was removed, the courtyard covered with a glass roof, and a new floor at the same height as the ground floor was added. Thus several rooms and cabinets for the display of the Amarna collection were created. In the adjacent areas of the ground floor, suspended ceilings were added to produce modern, neutral display rooms by covering the original decorations.

The museum was closed at the beginning of World War II in 1939.

).

World War II to 2009

In the post-war period, the ruin of the Neues Museum in the Soviet-occupied part of the city was left decaying for a long period of time.

In the process historical parts of the building were lost. For instance, the last remnants of the Egyptian courtyard were eliminated.

In 1997, planning for the reconstruction project was resumed and English architect

(Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach).

A new reception building for visitors to Museum Island, the "Cube", was also planned to be completed in 2009. The "Cube", which cost about €60 million, was under a planning freeze, which Chipperfield saw as endangering progress on the Neues Museum, according to ZDF, the Second German Television channel. In view of the total cost of the Museum Island master plan, estimated to be €1.5 billion, the controversy over the €60 million for the "Cube" appeared disproportionate not only to the architect. A March 2006 report on ZDF commented, "if the planning freeze is not lifted by the end of the year, the "Cube" cannot be completed in time.

Reopening in 2009

The bust of Nefertiti, attributed to Thutmose

After the consolidation of the foundations and walls, the Neues building was reconstructed. This work was done within the framework of the Masterplan for Berlin's Museum Island, with a cost of approximately €295 million for the Neues Museum. The northwest wing and the south-east façade, which were completely destroyed in the war, have been reconstructed according to Chipperfield's plan, in a manner close to their original layout in the museum building.

In March 2009, the museum briefly reopened to the public with its empty building; artifacts had not been installed at that time.

.

The museum houses the Egyptian museum and papyrus collection with its famous

prehistoric

eras from the Museum of Pre- and Early History, are on display. Thus the collections of two Berlin museums have returned to their place of origin.

The museum becomes part of the archaeological promenade: an underground passageway connecting all the buildings on the Museum Island, with the exception of the Alte Nationalgalerie. This includes the Neues Museum as an important part of the historical architectural context of the Museum Island. The building has been said to represent a lasting monument in stone for its first architect, Friedrich August Stüler, who wished that "the whole building should form a centre for the highest mental interests of the people, the likes of which no other capital would likely be able to exhibit."^{[citation needed]}

Building

As originally built (see map below), the Neues Museum was nearly rectangular, with the long axis of the building (105 m or 344 ft) oriented north to south, parallel to Am Kupfergraben (the street to the west, across the River Spree), and a width of 40 meters (130 ft). The building is nearly perpendicular to the Altes Museum, with the Bodestraße between them. The bridge connecting the two museums (destroyed during World War II) was 6.9 m (23 ft) wide, 24.5 m (80 ft) long, and supported by three arches. The main stairway was located in the center of the building, which was the highest section (31 m or 102 ft tall).

The three main wings surround two interior courtyards, the Greek courtyard and the Egyptian courtyard. The northern Egyptian courtyard was covered with a glass ceiling from the beginning, but the southern Greek courtyard was first covered with a glass ceiling between 1919 and 1923.

2009

The James Simon Gallery, located on Museum Island, provides access to an area near the Neues Museum that was previously inaccessible. The architectural dialogue between the two buildings is now evident, representing the culmination of a process that began when the Neues Museum reopened in 2009.^[10] The contemporary architectural plan for the James Simon Galerie was also designed by David Chipperfield.

General map

Ground Floor (Erdgeschoss) 1) Greek Courtyard 2) Egyptian Courtyard 3) Main Vestibule 4) Patriotic Room 5) South Vestibule 6) Vaulted Room 7) Ethnographic Room 8) Room behind the stairs 9) Historical Room 10) Hypostyle 11) Egyptian Tombs Room 12) Mythological Room

Upper Floor (1. Stockwerk) 13) Main Stairs 14 ) Bacchus Room 15) Roman Room 16) South Cupola Room 17) Connection to Altes Museum 18) Room of the Middle Ages 19) Bernward Room 20) Modern Room 21) Greek Room 22) Cabinet of Laocoön 23) Apollo Room 24) North Cupola Room 25) Nubian Room

See also

• List of art museums
• List of museums in Berlin
• List of museums in Germany
• Medinet Madi library

Bibliography

• ISBN 978-3-03768-067-4
  .

References

External links

• Official website (in German and English)
• Masterplan für die Museumsinsel
• Rede von Kulturstaatsministerin Christina Weiss am 24. Juni 2003
• Monuments in Berlin/Senate Department of Urban Development in Berlin
• A visit to the Neues Museum
• Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung: The rebuilding and restoration of the surviving ruin of the Neues Museum (with many pictures included)