Neum
Neum
Неум | |
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municipality | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Area code | +387 36 |
Website | www |
Neum (Cyrillic: Неум, pronounced [něum]) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the only town on the Bosnia and Herzegovina coastline, making it the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea. As of 2013, Neum municipality has a population of 4,653 inhabitants, while the town of Neum has a population of 3,013 inhabitants.
Geography
Neum is the only town situated along Bosnia and Herzegovina's 20-kilometre (12 mi) coastline,[1] making it the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea.[2]
Neum is 47 km (29 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik, 50 km (31 mi) south of Mostar, and 122 km (76 mi) southwest of Sarajevo, the country's capital.
The Bosnia and Herzegovina coastal strip of Neum cuts off the southernmost Croatian
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Neum
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Promenade along Neum's shoreline
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Waterpolo court in Neum
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Zenička beach in Neum
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Residential Neum
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Neum Lighthouse
Subdivision
The municipality includes the town of Neum (municipal seat) and several villages:[4]
Border crossings
Neum has two border crossing checkpoints with Croatia on the European route E65 or Adriatic Highway which connects the two parts of Croatia's Dalmatian coast. Neum 1 is located to the northwest of the city, with the Klek border checkpoint on the Croatian side. Neum 2 is located to the southeast, with the Croatian border checkpoint at Zaton Doli.
History
The Neum corridor dates back to the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, whereby the Republic of Ragusa was separated from the Dalmatian possessions of its rival Venice by two buffer zones ceded by Ragusa to the Ottoman Empire to prevent the possibility of Venice invading via land:[5][6] north of its territory is Neum and the bay of Klek, and south of its territory is Sutorina with the port of Herceg Novi on the Bay of Kotor, part of Montenegro since 1947 (later the topic of the now-resolved Sutorina dispute).
The Karlowitz borders were reaffirmed in 1718 by the
Consideration was given to a plan to build a new advanced naval base at Neum-Klek by the
In 1918, as a consequence of
Since the 1990s, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have been in negotiations on how to handle traffic across the Neum region, including signing a Neum Agreement. When Croatia was admitted to the European Union in 2013, the border crossings in the Neum region became governed as external borders of the EU.[citation needed] The construction and opening in 2022 of the Pelješac Bridge, which bypasses Neum entirely, has significance for Croatia's integrity and also for its future Schengen Area membership and the EU as a whole. It significantly improves traffic flow and the traffic connection of Dubrovnik to the rest of mainland Croatia, avoiding negotiating long, costly queues at Neum, and strict customs checks twice within the space of 20 kilometres (12 mi).
Encouraged by the recent developments in Croatia–Slovenia border disputes (June 2017), the ruling Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA) and other Bosniak political parties decided to obstruct [citation needed] the construction.
The construction cost was €420 million, to which the EU contributed by allocating €357 million from Cohesion Policy funds. The bridge is among the largest infrastructures in Croatia currently and one of the most substantial EU infrastructural investment ever. The work was completed in mid 2022. The EU is also funding supporting infrastructure, such as the construction of access roads, including tunnels, bridges and viaducts, the building of an 8 km-long bypass near the town of Ston and upgrading works on the existing road D414.[9]
There are Bosniak plans to convert Neum to a freight port, contrary to the wishes of the local population and international laws and agreements concerning the ecologically significant and protected Bay of Mali Ston, of which Bay of Neum is a part. There are plans to build a seaport, rail and a motorway and thus the Croatian bridge must have a high clearance according to the view of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Bosniak political parties. Due to the above, the Republic of Croatia has significantly increased the height of the bridge by adapting it to ships whose dimensions cannot enter the Bay of Neum at all. Today the main freight port for Bosnia and Herzegovina is Ploče (in Croatia) further north, which has a railway to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[citation needed]
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BiH coast guard / border police
Climate
The climate of the area is Mediterranean, characterized by mild winters and dry summers, with three times more rain in the rainier than in the drier months, during which the mean precipitation does not exceed 40 mm (1.6 in). The mean yearly precipitation observed is of 1,316 mm (51.8 in). The dominant winds come from the north, north-east and north-west. The average sea temperature (as observed in Neum) ranges from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 28 °C (82 °F) in July and August.
Vegetation is the evergreen Mediterranean type, and subtropical flora (
) grow in Neum and its surroundings.Climate data for Neum | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
19.4 (67.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
10.9 (51.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 135 (5.3) |
123 (4.8) |
106 (4.2) |
100 (3.9) |
75 (3.0) |
59 (2.3) |
38 (1.5) |
52 (2.0) |
88 (3.5) |
127 (5.0) |
174 (6.9) |
172 (6.8) |
1,249 (49.2) |
[citation needed] |
Demographics
All demographic data per Statistica.ba website:[4]
Population
Population of settlements – Neum municipality | |||||
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Settlement | 1971. | 1981. | 1991. | 2013. | |
Total | 4,781 | 4,030 | 4,325 | 4,960 | |
1 | Gradac | 345 | 234 | ||
2 | Hutovo | 319 | 201 | ||
3 | Neum | 360 | 602 | 1,651 | 3,013 |
Ethnic composition
Ethnic composition – Neum town | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013. | 1991. | 1981. | 1971. | |||
Total | 3,013 (100%) | 1,651 (100%) | 602 (100%) | 360 (100%) | ||
Croats | 2,938 (97.51%) | 1,338 (81.04%) | 499 (82.89%) | 335 (93.06%) | ||
Bosniaks | 33 (1.161%) | 89 (5.391%) | 17 (2.824%) | 3 (0.833%) | ||
Serbs | 21 (0.697%) | 98 (5.936%) | 25 (4.153%) | 10 (2.778%) | ||
Unaffiliated | 6 (0.199%) | |||||
Albanians | 3 (0.1%) | 4 (0.664%) | ||||
Unknown | 3 (0.1%) | |||||
Others | 3 (0.100%) | 36 (2.180%) | 3 (0.498%) | 5 (1.389%) | ||
Yugoslavs | 2 (0.066%) | 90 (5.451%) | 47 (7.807%) | 7 (1.944%) | ||
Montenegrins | 2 (0.066%) | 6 (0.997%) | ||||
Macedonians | 1 (0.166%) |
Ethnic composition – Neum municipality | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013. | 1991. | 1981. | |||||
Total | 4,960 (100%) | 4,325 (100%) | 4,030 (100%) | ||||
Croats | 4,543 (97.64%) | 3,792 (87.68%) | 3,575 (88.71%) | ||||
Bosniaks | 63 (1.397%) | 190 (4.393%) | 157 (3.896%) | ||||
Serbs | 21 (0.451%) | 207 (4.786%) | 179 (4.442%) | ||||
Unaffiliated | 7 (0.15%) | ||||||
Unknown | 7 (0.15%) | ||||||
Albanians | 3 (0.064%) | 5 (0.124%) | |||||
Others | 3 (0.064%) | 46 (1.064%) | 17 (0.422%) | ||||
Yugoslavs | 2 (0.043%) | 90 (2.081%) | 89 (2.208%) | ||||
Montenegrins | 2 (0.043%) | 7 (0.174%) | |||||
Macedonians | 1 (0.025%) |
Culture and sport
The linđo is traditionally danced in the Neum region.[10] Neum celebrates the feast of Our Lady of Good Health as its municipal day. As part of the celebrations, Neum hosts the Music Festival Etnofest Neum. The town also hosts the Neum Animated Film Festival.[11]
Neum is home to local branches of the cultural organizations Matica hrvatska and HKD Napredak.[12][13]
Popular activities include
There is also an association football club HNK Neum.
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Folk costumes from Neum
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Roman Catholic church in Neum
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Hutovo fortressruins
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Stećak from Neum
Tourism
Neum area has steep hills, stone-sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Neum has about 5,000 beds for tourists, 1,810 in hotels with the remaining capacity in motels, villas, and private accommodation. Tourism in Neum is active only in the coastal region. Prices tend to be lower than in neighbouring Croatia, making it popular with shoppers. Tourism, and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area.
The inland area behind Neum has a rich archeological history and wilderness with centuries-old olive groves.
See also
- Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations
- List of lighthouses in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Pelješac Bridge
References
- ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Coastline". 13 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ Bosnia-and-Herzegovina Neum britannica.com, britannica.com, 2015-09-09
- ^ UNEP / PAP/RAC / Ministarstvo spoljne trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa BiH. "4.1 Prijedlog za CAMP oblast". Program upravljanja obalnim područjem (CAMP) Bosne i Hercegovine (pdf) (Studija izvodljivosti ed.). ekonsultacije.gov.ba. Retrieved 6 November 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Jennings, Ken. "This Country's Coastline Is So Short, You Could Walk It in A Day". Condé Nast Traveler.
- ^ "Why does Bosnia have a Coast?". 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ^ ""Neum i granični problemi", Poskok.info, December 14th, 2012". Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
- ^ "Bridging gaps with EU-funds: The Inauguration of the Pelješac Bridge in Croatia".
- ^ "50. Split Summer". Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
- ^ Neum Animated Film Festival Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Matica hrvatska". www.matica.hr.
- ^ "HKD Napredak".[permanent dead link]
External links
- Official website (in Croatian and English)
- Neum Animated Film Festival
- Neum travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Geographic data related to Neum at OpenStreetMap