Neuraminidase inhibitor
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are a class of
The NAIs oseltamivir and zanamivir were approved in the US and Europe for treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. Peramivir acts by strongly binding to the neuraminidase of the influenza viruses and inhibits activation of neuraminidase much longer than oseltamivir or zanamivir.[5] However, laninamivir in the cells is slowly released into the respiratory tract, resulting in long-lasting anti-influenza virus activity. Thus the mechanism of the long-lasting activity of laninamivir is basically different from that of peramivir.[6]
The efficacy was highly debated in recent years.
In countries where influenza-like illness is treated using NAIs on a national level, statistical reports show a low fatality record for symptomatic illness because of the universal implementation of early treatment using this class of drugs.[14] Although oseltamivir is widely used in these countries, there have been no outbreaks caused by oseltamivir-resistant viruses and also no serious illness caused by oseltamivir-resistant viruses has ever been reported.[14] The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continues to recommend the use of oseltamavir treatment for people at high risk for complications and the elderly and those at lower risk who present within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection.[15]
Common side effects include nausea and vomiting. The abnormal behaviors of children after taking oseltamivir that have been reported may be an extension of delirium or hallucinations caused by influenza.[14] It occurs in the early stages of the illness, such as within 48 hours after onset of the illness. Therefore, children with influenza are advised to be observed by their parents until 48 hours after the onset of the influenza illness, regardless of whether the child is treated with NAIs.[14]
Specific neuraminidase inhibitors
- Laninamivir
- Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
- Peramivir (Rapivab)
- Zanamivir (Relenza)
Structures of the viral neuraminidase inhibitors in use
Zanamivir | Oseltamivir | Peramivir | Laninamivir |
Natural products
- Cyanidin-3-sambubioside (extracted from black elderberry)[16]
- Coptisine[citation needed]
- Berberine[17]
See also
References
- PMID 12014958.
- PMID 15163510.
- ^ This flash animation shows the mode of action of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Archived 2005-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. pharmasquare.org
- ^ Replication of influenza virus Archived 2021-01-28 at the Wayback Machine. mvm.ed.ac.uk
- PMID 16325932.
- S2CID 20157230.
- PMID 24811411.
- PMID 22371849.
- PMID 24811412.
- PMID 20032319.
- PMID 19815859.
- PMID 19822626.
- PMID 20093297.
- ^ S2CID 13655463.
- ^ "CDC Online Newsroom - "Have You Heard?" Archive: 2014 - Influenza A Variant Virus". cdc.gov.
- S2CID 32611927.
- PMID 25277281.
External links
Media related to Neuraminidase inhibitors at Wikimedia Commons