Neurological disorder
Neurological disorder | |
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Neurons in person with epilepsy, 40x magnified | |
Specialty | Neurology |
A neurological disorder is any
Interventions for neurological disorders include preventive measures,
Causes
The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include
In a substantial minority of cases of neurological symptoms, no neural
Numerous examples have been described of neurological disorders that are associated with mutated DNA repair genes (for reviews see[7]). Inadequate repair of DNA damages can lead directly to cell death and neuron depletion as well as disruptions in the pattern of epigenetic alterations required for normal neuronal function.[citation needed]
DNA damage
Neurons are highly oxygenated cells and as a consequence DNA damage caused by chronic exposure to endogenous reactive oxygen species is a substantial challenge for neurons.[8] Germline mutations deficient in the repair of DNA damages cause neuronal disfunction and are etiologically linked to many neurological disorders.[8] For example, the neurological disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia are linked to DNA damage accumulation and DNA repair deficiency.[9]
Classification
Neurological disorders can be categorized according to the primary location affected, the primary type of dysfunction involved, or the primary type of cause. The broadest division is between
Nervous system | |
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Identifiers | |
MeSH | D009422 |
Anatomical terminology |
- Brain:
- Brain dysfunction according to type:
- Apraxia (patterns or sequences of movements)
- Agnosia (identifying things or people)
- Amnesia (memory)
- Aphasia (language)
- Dysarthria (speech)
- Brain dysfunction according to type:
- Spinal cord disorders (see spinal pathology, injury, inflammation)
- Peripheral neuropathy and other Peripheral nervous system disorders
- Cranial nerve disorder such as Trigeminal neuralgia
- Autonomic nervous system disorders such as dysautonomia, multiple system atrophy
- Seizure disorders such as epilepsy
- Tourette's syndrome[failed verification]
- Multiple sclerosis and related disorders
- Sleep disorders such as narcolepsy
- Some speech disorders such as stuttering
- migraines, cluster headache, and tension headache
- Pain (see back pain), such as complex regional pain syndrome and fibromyalgia
- Delirium and dementia such as Alzheimer's disease
- Coma and impaired consciousness, including stupor
- cerebrovascularattack)
- Tumors of the nervous system (e.g. cancer)
- Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases
- Brain infections
- Meningitis
- Prion diseases (a type of infectious agent)
Many of the diseases and disorders listed above have neurosurgical treatments available, such as
Neurological disorders in non-human
Mental functioning
A neurological examination can, to some extent, assess the impact of neurological damage and disease on brain function in terms of behavior, memory or cognition. Behavioral neurology specializes in this area. In addition, clinical neuropsychology uses neuropsychological assessment to precisely identify and track problems in mental functioning, usually after some sort of brain injury or neurological impairment.[citation needed]
Alternatively, a condition might first be detected through the presence of abnormalities in mental functioning, and further assessment may indicate an underlying neurological disorder. There are sometimes unclear boundaries in the distinction between disorders treated within neurology, and
One area that can be contested is in cases of
On the other hand,
Conditions that are classed as
Moreover, the definition of
See also
References
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- ^ "WHO | Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges". March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007.
- ^ PMID 19476290.
- ^ "Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management. NICE guideline [NG20]". nice.org.uk. September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- S2CID 232133206.
- PMID 31331820.
- ^ a b Wang H, Dharmalingam P, Vasquez V, Mitra J, Boldogh I, Rao KS, Kent TA, Mitra S, Hegde ML. Chronic oxidative damage together with genome repair deficiency in the neurons is a double whammy for neurodegeneration: Is damage response signaling a potential therapeutic target? Mech Ageing Dev. 2017 Jan;161(Pt A):163-176. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.005. Epub 2016 Sep 20. PMID 27663141; PMCID: PMC5316312
- ^ Wang H, Kodavati M, Britz GW, Hegde ML. DNA Damage and Repair Deficiency in ALS/FTD-Associated Neurodegeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implication. Front Mol Neurosci. 2021 Dec 16;14:784361. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.784361. PMID 34975400; PMCID: PMC8716463
- ^ Merck Manual: Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerve Disorders
- ^ "Veterinary Neurological Centre - Neurological Signs and Diseases". Archived from the original on 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Merck Veterinary Manual". Merck Veterinary Manual.
- PMID 15718219.
- S2CID 8534792.
- ^ "NIMH publications (2009) Neuroimaging and Mental Illness".