Neurophysiology

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Neurophysiologist
)

Neurophysiology is a branch of

extracellular single-unit recording and recording of local field potentials. However, since the neuron is an electrochemical machine, it is difficult to isolate electrical events from the metabolic and molecular processes that cause them. Thus, neurophysiologists currently utilise tools from chemistry (calcium imaging), physics (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI), and molecular biology (site directed mutations) to examine brain activity.[2]

The word originates from the Greek word νεῦρον meaning "nerve" and physiology meaning knowledge about the function of living systems (φύσις meaning "nature" and -λογία meaning "knowledge").

History

Neurophysiology has been a subject of study since as early as 4,000 B.C.

In the early B.C. years, most studies were of different natural sedatives like alcohol and poppy plants. In 1700 B.C., the

neurological disorders. In 280 B.C., Erasistratus of Chios
theorized that there were divisions in vestibular processing in the brain, as well as deducing from observation that sensation was located there.

In 177

St Mary of Bethlehem Hospital (later known as Bedlam
in Britain) was the first hospital used exclusively for the mentally ill.

In 1504,

sea horse
.

In 1621,

Robert Burton published The Anatomy of Melancholy, which looked at the loss of important characters in one's life as leading to depression.[3] In 1649, René Descartes studied the pineal gland. He mistakenly believed that it was the "soul" of the brain, and believed it was where thoughts formed. In 1658, Johann Jakob Wepfer studied a patient in which he believed that a broken blood vessel had caused apoplexy, or a stroke
.

In 1749,

Society of Friends created an asylum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The asylum intended to give not only medical treatment to those mentally ill, but also provide with caretakers and comfortable living conditions. In 1755, Jean-Baptiste Le Roy began using electroconvulsive therapy for the mentally ill, a treatment still used today in specific cases. In 1760, Arne-Charles studied how different lesions in the cerebellum could affect motor movements. In 1776, Vincenzo Malacarne [it
] studied the cerebellum intensely, and published a book solely based on its function and appearance.

In 1784,

myelin sheath. These cells, which cover the axons of the neurons in the brain, are named Schwann cells after him. In 1843 Carlo Matteucci and Emil du Bois-Reymond demonstrated that nerves transmit signals electrically. In 1848, Phineas Gage, the classical neurophysiology patient, had his brain pierced by an iron tamping rod in a blasting accident. He became an excellent case study in the connection between the prefrontal cortex and behavior, decision making and consequences. In 1849, Hermann von Helmholtz studied the speed of frog nerve impulses while studying electricity
in the body.

While these are not all the developments in neurophysiology before 1849, these developments were significant to the study of the brain and body.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-4020-8264-1
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-08-043076-8
    , retrieved 2022-04-03
  3. ISBN 978-0-19-997396-5
    .
  4. PMID 21445631
    .
  5. ISBN 9780195340624

Sources
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