Brain health and pollution
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Research indicates that living in areas of high
Air pollution
Air pollution may increase the risk of developmental disorders (e.g.,
Effects in adolescents
A 2008 study compared children and dogs raised in
Effects in adults
Effects of physical activity and air pollution on neuroplasticity may counteract. Physical activity is known for its benefits to the
Cognitive performance
Analyzing 2017 and 2018 data from Lost in Migration, a phone game that test players' ability to keep their focus, researchers found effects of wildfire smoke and pollution particulates on brain performance.[20]
"We found evidence suggesting that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can reduce attention in adults within just hours of exposure. This is a very quick turnaround between exposure and decreased cognitive performance and may have implications when thinking about time-sensitive public health communication during extreme air pollution events like wildfires,"[20] It was also found that prolonged exposure to particulate pollution shortens attention spans in younger populations specifically. In both the long-term and short-term analyses, exposure to harmful particulates caused lower game scores.[20]
Sources of pollution
Airborne particulate matter is a
While hand-held
Many construction tasks create dust. High dust levels are caused by one of more the following:
- equipment – using high energy tools, such as cut-off saws, grinders, wall chasers and grit blasters produce a lot of dust in a very short time
- work method – dry sweeping can make a lot of dust when compared to vacuuming or wet brushing
- work area – the more enclosed a space, the more the dust will build up
- time – the longer you work the more dust there will be
Examples of high dust level tasks include:
- using power tools to cut, grind, drill or prepare a surface
- sanding taped plaster board joints
- dry sweeping[31]
Currently there seems to be no or little regulations on the size and amount of dust emitted by power tools. Some industry standards do exist,[32][33] though it appears that they are not widely known or used globally. Knowing that dust is generated throughout the construction process and can cause serious health hazards,[34] manufacturers are now marketing power tools that are equipped with dust collection system (e.g. HEPA vacuum cleaner) or integrated water delivery system which extract the dust after emission.[35][36] However, the use of such products is still not common in most places. As Q1 2024 petrol powered tools are banned in California.[37]
Pollutants
Dioxin poisoning
Metal exposure
Lead's ability to imitate calcium allows it to cross the blood–brain barrier. Lead also upregulates glutathione.[44] Blood lead concentrations ≥ 5·0 μg/dL could result in children scoring 3–5 points lower in intelligence tests than those with the concentrations < 5·0 μg/dL . Higher blood lead concentrations are also associated with serious cognitive function losses. "Lead-related IQ losses are associated with increased rates of school failure, behavioural disorders, diminished economic productivity, and global economic losses of almost $1 trillion annually."[45]
Conditions and disorders
Developmental disorders
Autism
Heavy metal
Early-life exposure to air pollution may be a risk factor for autism. Children of mothers living near a
Prenatal and early childhood exposure to
Maternal exposure to
Neurodegenerative disorders
Accelerated neural aging
Multiple sclerosis occurs when chronic inflammation leads to the compromise of oligodendrocytes, which in turn leads to the destruction of the myelin sheath. Then axons begin exhibiting signs of damage, which in turn leads to neuron death. Multiple sclerosis has been correlated to living in areas with high particulate matter levels in the air.[50]
According to Lancet (2021), exposure to "environmental pollution with toxins, such as pesticides (eg, paraquat) or chemicals (eg, trichloroethylene), known to be harmful to Parkinson's disease-related neurons and brain circuits," is associated with Parkinson's disease.[51] Multi-decade studies have identified an increased likelihood of Parkinson's in association with agricultural work, pesticide exposure, and rural habitation. Chlorinated solvents, used in commercial and industrial application like dry cleaning and degreasing, are associated with increased PD risk, particularly trichloroethylene.[52][53] Other chemical risk factors include manganese, suspended particles from traffic fumes, and exposure to other heavy metals such as mercury and lead.[53][54]
In the case of Alzheimer's disease, inflammatory processes lead to neuron death by inhibiting growth at axons and activating
A study on the young adult citizens in Metropolitan
Studies consistently suggested a strong link between chronic exposure to PM, especially PM2.5 and UFPM, with the onset of dementia and AD, as well as neurodegenerative-like pathology and
Effects of PM on metabolism should be further studied according to the results in the
Cognitive decline and dementia
Exposure to air pollution was positively associated with an increased risk of stroke hospital admission (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3), incidence (PM2.5, SO2, and NO2), and mortality (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2).[60] There is a "well-recognized link between PM2.5 and vascular injury and the role of vascular injury in dementia".[61] Air pollution in the cerebrovascular system may result in “stroke, vascular dementia, or other types of dementia".[62] The risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, may be increased by long-term exposure to PM2.5.[63]
Interest in the possible effects of air pollutants on the brain began in about 2002 when Calderon-Garciduenas and colleagues reported that dogs exposed to air pollution in Mexico City showed neuropathological changes of the type associated with Alzheimer's disease. This work was an extension of studies undertaken in the 1990s on the effects of Mexico City air pollution on the olfactory epithelium of humans and dogs. Later, interest in possible effects on the brain has been strengthened by epidemiological studies, which suggest that exposure to air pollutants is associated with a decline of cognitive function and the development of dementia.[64]
In addition to the possible direct effects from nanoparticles reaching the brain, there are indirect mechanisms by which pollutants could potentially lead to brain injury. These include damage to the
Calderon-Garciduenas et al. reviewed their work in children and youngsters in Mexico City and reported neuropathological changes in children and young adults similar to those in Alzheimer's disease. There was increased neuro-inflammation and vascular damage: upregulated mRNA cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β and CD14, and clusters of mononuclear cells around blood vessels and activated microglia in the frontal and temporal cortex, subiculum and brain stem. They also found deposits of amyloid-β42,
Studies of white matter volume found associations between exposure to air pollution and reduced white matter volume.[64] Evidence suggests that long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with cognitive decline and with the risk of development of dementia.[64] There is epidemiological evidence suggestive of a causal association between exposure to a range of air pollutants and a number of effects on the nervous system including the acceleration of cognitive decline and the induction of dementia.[64]
Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of conditions that affect how the brain works, reducing the ability to remember, think and reason. It mainly affects older people and gets worse over time. Health and lifestyle factors such as high blood pressure and smoking are known to increase the risk of developing dementia.[65]
The Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) in UK have reviewed nearly 70 studies in human populations (epidemiological studies) and think it is likely that air pollution can contribute to a decline in mental ability and dementia in older people. It is known that air pollution, particularly small particle pollution, can affect the heart and the circulatory system, including circulation to the brain. These effects are linked to vascular dementia (a form of dementia), which is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the brain.[65] Therefore, it is likely that air pollution contributes to mental decline and dementia caused by effects on the blood vessels. Air pollution might also stimulate the immune cells in the brain, which can then damage nerve cells.[65]
In 2022,
A number of mechanisms have been suggested by which air pollutants could have direct effects on the brain. These include the translocation of small particles from the lung to the blood stream and thence to the brain. The evidence suggests that a small proportion of very small particles that are inhaled can enter the brain, both from the blood and via the
COMEAP concluded that:
1. The epidemiological evidence is suggestive of an association between exposure to ambient air pollutants and both the risk of developing dementia and acceleration of cognitive decline. The epidemiological literature is inconsistent as to which pollutant is most associated with these effects.[65]
2. There is evidence that air pollution, particularly particulate air pollution, increases the risk of cardiovascular, including
3. As of 2022, direct quantification of cognitive decline or dementia associated with air pollution would be subject to unknown uncertainty.[65]
4. It may be possible to develop an indirect method of quantification of cognitive effects secondary to the effects of particulate pollution on cardiovascular disease.[65]
Mental disorders
Schizophrenia
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Exposure to air pollution may be associated with elevated risk of schizophrenia.[14]
Others
Epilepsy
Multiple air
Economics
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Dementia
Dementia is a pressing public health challenge. Its prevalence is strongly age-related: doubling every 5–6 years over the age of 65 years. The number of people living with dementia worldwide is estimated at 50 million and expected to reach 152 million by 2050. Its current economic cost worldwide is US$818 billion/year (as of 2015) and it will rise in proportion to the numbers affected (WHO, 2019).[64]
Mitigations
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For point-source pollution: Do not produce the pollutants. If produced, remove at source as soon as possible. If not removed at source, use barriers. If barriers do not work well or not installed properly (i.e., pollutants escaped), neighbours need filtration, sealing, and/or proper ventilation / pollutant dilution, etc. for their premises. Large scale air cleaning system may also help as a passive measure. Clean-up programmes may be needed to prevent further secondary contamination or pollution.
At individual level, exposure reduction of air pollutants maybe achieved by better choice of places that one stays, prevention of cross-contamination or secondary contamination (between persons and/or their personal belongings/environment), better personal hygiene, use of face masks and air purifiers, etc.
Education
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Priority areas in “Education and Awareness included: (8) making this unrecognised public health issue known; (9) developing educational products; (10) attaching air pollution and brain health to existing strategies and campaigns; and (11) providing publicly available monitoring, assessment and screening tools...”[67]
Diet
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Autism
Pregnant mothers who used
Indoor air quality improvement
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Large scale cleaning system
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Incentives
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Regulation
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Urban planning
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Clean-up campaign
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Control measures
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Life style adjustment
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See also
Pollutants
- Ash | Soot
- Carbon disulfide
- Cement | Concrete | Construction aggregate
- Electronic waste
- Joss paper
- Neurotoxin
- Paint
- Pesticide | Paraquat | Rotenone
- Polychlorinated biphenyls
- Slag
- Solvent | Toluene | Trichloroethylene
- Volatile organic compound
Sources
- Black market#Fuel | Fuel dye#Fuel laundering
- Heavy industry
- Oil extraction | Oil refinery
- Metalworking
- Mining | Smelting
- Recycling#Health and environmental impact
- DIY (home improvement)
- Roadworks
- Open burning of waste | Slash-and-burn | Stubble burning
- Welding
- Wildfire
Others
- ATSDR
- Epigenetics
- Exposome
- Fibrosis
- Light pollution
- List of cancer clusters
- Manganism
- Heavy machinery
- Substance-induced psychosis
- World Trade Center lung
References
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- ^ a b c US EPA (4 May 2023). "Fighting the Haze: Effects of Wildfire Smoke and Particulate Matter on Brain Function". Retrieved 17 Mar 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "EHP – Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". ehp.niehs.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
- ^ Wasley A, Heal A, Harvey F, Lainio M (13 June 2019). "Revealed: UK government failing to tackle rise of serious air pollutant". The Guardian.
- ^ US EPA O (26 April 2016). "Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)". US EPA. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
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"…However, this more accurate diagnostic process cannot explain why the age-adjusted prevalence of Parkinson's disease is growing faster than other neurological disorders, including diseases such as multiple sclerosis, which has seen substantial advances in diagnostic approaches. Other factors potentially contributing to this rise include prolonged survival and environmental pollution with toxins, such as pesticides (eg, paraquat) or chemicals (eg, trichloroethylene), known to be harmful to Parkinson's disease-related neurons and brain circuits"
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in adults aged ≥40 years ... long-term exposure to fine particulate matter was related to an increased risk of dementia. A 10 μg/m3 increase in long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an elevated risk of dementia by 40%, AD by 47% and VaD by 100% when adjusting for nearly all potential confounders
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Further reading
- "Air Pollution's Impact on Mental Health". Psychiatry.org. 12 Apr 2023.
Clara G. Zundel, Ph.D., concluded in a World Economic Forum report: "People who breathe polluted air experience changes within the brain regions that control emotions, and as a result, they may be more likely to develop anxiety and depression than those who breathe cleaner air."
- Attademo L, Bernardini F, Garinella R, Compton MT (March 2017). "Environmental pollution and risk of psychotic disorders: A review of the science to date". Schizophr Res (review). 181: 55–59. PMC 7234013.)
- Attademo L, Bernardini F (2020). "Air Pollution as Risk Factor for Mental Disorders: In Search for a Possible Link with Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia". J Alzheimers Dis (review). 76 (3): 825–830. S2CID 219970625.
- Comer AL, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ, Cruz-Martín A (2020). "The Inflamed Brain in Schizophrenia: The Convergence of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors That Lead to Uncontrolled Neuroinflammation". Front Cell Neurosci (review). 14: 274. PMID 33061891.
External links
- Autism incidence and spatial analysis in more than 7 million pupils in English schools: a retrospective, longitudinal, school registry study
- Environmental exposures and Parkinson's disease: connecting the dots (from NIEHS)
- How air pollution impacts our brains
- How air pollution threatens brain health (from PNAS)
- Industrial toxicants and Parkinson's disease
- Ozone pollution, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration
- Ozone and Photochemical Oxidants
- Depressed? Anxious? Air pollution may be a factor