Neurotransmitter receptor
A neurotransmitter receptor (also known as a neuroreceptor) is a membrane
In
There are two major types of neurotransmitter receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
Localization
Neurotransmitter (NT) receptors are located on the surface of neuronal and glial cells. At a synapse, one neuron sends messages to the other neuron via neurotransmitters. Therefore, the postsynaptic neuron, the one receiving the message, clusters NT receptors at this specific place in its membrane. NT receptors can be inserted into any region of the neuron's membrane such as dendrites, axons, and the cell body.[5] Receptors can be located in different parts of the body to act as either an inhibitor or an excitatory receptor for a specific Neurotransmitter [6] An example of this are the receptors for the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh), one receptor is located at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle to facilitate muscle contraction (excitation), while the other receptor is located in the heart to slow down heart rate (inhibitory) [6]
Ionotropic receptors: neurotransmitter-gated ion channels
The binding site of
Metabotropic receptors: G-protein coupled receptors
There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-coupled receptors: the
: 1160Desensitization and neurotransmitter concentration
Neurotransmitter receptors are subject to ligand-induced desensitization: That is, they can become unresponsive upon prolonged exposure to their neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter receptors are present on both
Example neurotransmitter receptors
The following are some major classes of neurotransmitter receptors:[16]
- Adrenergic: α1A, α1b, α1c, α1d, α2a, α2b, α2c, α2d, β1, β2, β3
- Cholinergic:
- Muscarinic: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
- Nicotinic: muscle, neuronal (α-bungarotoxin-insensitive), neuronal (α-bungarotoxin-sensitive)
- Dopaminergic: D1, D2, D3, D4, D5
- GABAC
- Glutamatergic: NMDA, AMPA, Kainate, mGluR1, mGluR2, mGluR3, mGluR4, mGluR5, mGluR6, mGluR7
- Glycinergic: Glycine
- Histaminergic: H1, H2, H3
- κ
- 5-HT7
See also
- Autoreceptor
- Catecholamines
- agonists and antagonists
- Heteroreceptor
- Imidazoline receptor
- Neuromuscular transmission
- Synaptic transmission
Notes and references
- ^ a b c Levitan, Irwin B.; Leonard K. Kaczmarek (2002). The Neuron (Third pg. 285 ed.). Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b c "Neurological Control - Neurotransmitters". Brain Explorer. 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
- ^ "Neurotransmitter Receptors, Transporters, & Ion Channels". www.rndsystems.com.
- ^ "3. Neurotransmitter Postsynaptic Receptors". Web.williams.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
- )
- ^ a b Goldman, B. (2010, November 17). New imaging method developed at Stanford reveals stunning details of brain connections. In Stanford medicine news center. Retrieved from https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2010/11/new-imaging-method-developed-at-stanford-reveals-stunning-details-of-brain-connections.html.
- ^ "ligand-gated channel" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 9115777.
- S2CID 9708224.
- ^ Filmore, David (2004). "It's a GPCR world". Modern Drug Discovery. 2004 (November): 24–28.
- S2CID 11979420.
- S2CID 33992382.
- S2CID 24270725.
- ^ a b "THE Medical Biochemistry Page". Web.indstate.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
- ^ ed. Kebabain, J. W. & Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). "RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification"
External links
- Brain Explorer
- Neurotransmitters Postsynaptic Receptors
- Snyder (2009) Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Second Messengers Galore in 40 Years. Journal of Neuroscience. 29(41): 12717-12721.
- Snyder and Bennett (1976) Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Brain: Biochemical Identification. Annual Review of Physiology. Vol. 38: 153-175
- Neuroscience for Kids: Neurotransmitters
- Library of Congress Authorities and Vocabularies: Neurotransmitter Receptors
- Neurotransmitter Receptors, Transporters, & Ion Channels
- Neuroregulator+Receptor at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)