New Delhi

Coordinates: 28°36′50″N 77°12′32″E / 28.61389°N 77.20889°E / 28.61389; 77.20889
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New Delhi
Naī Dillī
Rashtrapati Bhawan
Rajpath (officially "Kartavya Path")
International Airport
Indira Gandhi International Airport
Metro line(s)Yellow Line
Blue Line
Violet Line
Pink Line
Airport Express Line
Websitewww.ndmc.gov.in Edit this at Wikidata

New Delhi (/ˈdɛli/ ,[6] Hindi: [ˈnəiː ˈdɪlːiː], ISO: Naī Dillī), historically known as Indraprastha,[7] is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the Government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Sansad Bhavan, and the Supreme Court. New Delhi is a municipality within the NCT, administered by the NDMC, which covers mostly Lutyens' Delhi and a few adjacent areas. The municipal area is part of a larger administrative district, the New Delhi district.

Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, both are distinct entities, with the municipality and the New Delhi district forming a relatively small part within the

NCT along with adjoining districts in the two neighbouring states forming a continuously built-up area with it, including Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Meerut, YEIDA City, Gurgaon, and Faridabad
.

The foundation stone of New Delhi, south of central Delhi was laid by

Irwin
.

History

Establishment

Lady Curzon arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903
The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with George V and Mary seated upon the dais
The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one rupee stamp shows George V
with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.

Until December 1911,

Lord Curzon. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments among the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.[10]

]

During the

Lord Irwin.[19] Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations.[20]

The Secretariat Building houses Ministries of Defence, Finance, Home Affairs and External Affairs. It also houses the Prime Minister's office.

Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with

Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.[citation needed
]

In the south, land up to

Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).[25]

After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in

Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.[27]

Post-independence

Rashtrapati Bhavan, the home of the President of India

After India gained independence in 1947, limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.[28] A system was introduced under which the elected government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.[citation needed]

The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, Shanti Path.[29]

Geography

With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi),

Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara.[citation needed
]

Seismology

New Delhi falls under the

seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.[31] It lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.[citation needed
]

Climate

The climate of New Delhi is a dry-winter

Palam Airport).[32] The average annual rainfall is 774.4 millimetres (30.49 in) and monsoon rainfall from June to September is about 640.4 millimetres (25.21 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.[33]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5)
34.1
(93.4)
40.6
(105.1)
45.6
(114.1)
47.2
(117.0)
46.7
(116.1)
45.0
(113.0)
42.0
(107.6)
40.6
(105.1)
39.4
(102.9)
36.1
(97.0)
30.0
(86.0)
47.2
(117.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4)
29.5
(85.1)
35.8
(96.4)
41.4
(106.5)
44.3
(111.7)
43.7
(110.7)
40.1
(104.2)
37.4
(99.3)
37.1
(98.8)
36.1
(97.0)
32.2
(90.0)
27.3
(81.1)
44.8
(112.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2)
24.2
(75.6)
29.9
(85.8)
36.5
(97.7)
39.9
(103.8)
39.0
(102.2)
35.6
(96.1)
34.2
(93.6)
34.1
(93.4)
33.0
(91.4)
28.4
(83.1)
22.8
(73.0)
31.4
(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0)
17.6
(63.7)
22.9
(73.2)
29.1
(84.4)
32.7
(90.9)
33.3
(91.9)
31.5
(88.7)
30.4
(86.7)
29.6
(85.3)
26.2
(79.2)
20.5
(68.9)
15.6
(60.1)
25.3
(77.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5)
10.6
(51.1)
15.6
(60.1)
21.3
(70.3)
25.8
(78.4)
27.7
(81.9)
27.5
(81.5)
26.7
(80.1)
25.0
(77.0)
19.5
(67.1)
13.0
(55.4)
8.4
(47.1)
18.9
(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3)
6.0
(42.8)
10.7
(51.3)
16.3
(61.3)
20.5
(68.9)
22.2
(72.0)
24.3
(75.7)
23.7
(74.7)
21.9
(71.4)
15.0
(59.0)
8.8
(47.8)
4.5
(40.1)
3.1
(37.6)
Record low °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9)
1.6
(34.9)
4.4
(39.9)
10.7
(51.3)
15.1
(59.2)
17.6
(63.7)
20.3
(68.5)
20.7
(69.3)
16.1
(61.0)
9.4
(48.9)
3.9
(39.0)
0.0
(32.0)
−0.6
(30.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 19.1
(0.75)
21.3
(0.84)
17.4
(0.69)
16.3
(0.64)
30.7
(1.21)
74.1
(2.92)
209.7
(8.26)
233.1
(9.18)
123.5
(4.86)
15.1
(0.59)
6.0
(0.24)
8.1
(0.32)
774.4
(30.5)
Average rainy days 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.0 2.7 4.8 9.7 10.2 5.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 40.6
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
57 46 37 25 28 43 63 68 60 47 52 59 49
Average dew point °C (°F) 8
(46)
11
(52)
14
(57)
14
(57)
18
(64)
22
(72)
26
(79)
25
(77)
23
(73)
18
(64)
14
(57)
10
(50)
17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 223.2 248.0 276.0 285.2 219.0 179.8 176.7 219.0 260.4 246.0 220.1 2,773.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.1 7.9 8.0 9.2 9.2 7.3 5.8 5.7 7.3 8.4 8.2 7.1 7.6
Mean daily daylight hours 10.6 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.1 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.3 12.2
Percent possible sunshine 67 71 67 71 68 53 42 44 59 73 77 69 63
Average ultraviolet index 3 5 6 7 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 6
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000);[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)[48] Revised Rainfall data[49]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);[50] Weather Atlas (UV Index)[51](Daylight)[52]
Average Barometric Pressure & Wind Speed of Delhi
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year
Average Atmospheric pressure milibars (inHg)[53] 1,017.0 millibars (30.03 inHg) 1,014.5 millibars (29.96 inHg) 1,010.6 millibars (29.84 inHg) 1,005.4 millibars (29.69 inHg) 1,000.5 millibars (29.54 inHg) 996.7 millibars (29.43 inHg) 996.9 millibars (29.44 inHg) 999.4 millibars (29.51 inHg) 1,003.4 millibars (29.63 inHg) 1,009.6 millibars (29.81 inHg) 1,013.6 millibars (29.93 inHg) 1,016.1 millibars (30.01 inHg) 1,007.0 millibars (29.74 inHg)
Average Wind Speed kilometres per hour (mph)[54] 8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph) 9.4 kilometres per hour (5.8 mph) 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph) 10.0 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph) 10.2 kilometres per hour (6.3 mph) 10.6 kilometres per hour (6.6 mph) 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph) 8.8 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph) 8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph) 6.7 kilometres per hour (4.2 mph) 7.6 kilometres per hour (4.7 mph) 7.7 kilometres per hour (4.8 mph) 8.9 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8)
35.7
(96.3)
41.3
(106.3)
45.3
(113.5)
48.4
(119.1)
48.0
(118.4)
45.7
(114.3)
43.2
(109.8)
40.8
(105.4)
40.7
(105.3)
36.4
(97.5)
30.4
(86.7)
48.4
(119.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 26.1
(79.0)
29.5
(85.1)
36.4
(97.5)
42.6
(108.7)
45.3
(113.5)
44.9
(112.8)
40.9
(105.6)
38.2
(100.8)
37.8
(100.0)
36.8
(98.2)
32.7
(90.9)
27.4
(81.3)
45.3
(113.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8)
24.1
(75.4)
30.0
(86.0)
37.1
(98.8)
40.7
(105.3)
39.6
(103.3)
36.0
(96.8)
34.5
(94.1)
34.4
(93.9)
33.3
(91.9)
28.3
(82.9)
22.7
(72.9)
31.7
(89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9)
17.6
(63.7)
23.4
(74.1)
29.8
(85.6)
33.6
(92.5)
33.5
(92.3)
31.2
(88.2)
30.2
(86.4)
29.8
(85.6)
26.6
(79.9)
20.7
(69.3)
14.8
(58.6)
25.4
(77.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1)
10.6
(51.1)
15.4
(59.7)
21.7
(71.1)
26.4
(79.5)
27.9
(82.2)
27.4
(81.3)
26.4
(79.5)
24.9
(76.8)
19.9
(67.8)
13.7
(56.7)
9.0
(48.2)
19.2
(66.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)
6.2
(43.2)
9.7
(49.5)
15.3
(59.5)
20.8
(69.4)
22.3
(72.1)
24.1
(75.4)
23.3
(73.9)
21.7
(71.1)
15.6
(60.1)
9.0
(48.2)
4.6
(40.3)
3.3
(37.9)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)
−1.6
(29.1)
3.4
(38.1)
8.6
(47.5)
14.6
(58.3)
19.8
(67.6)
17.8
(64.0)
20.2
(68.4)
13.6
(56.5)
9.9
(49.8)
2.1
(35.8)
−1.3
(29.7)
−2.2
(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 18.1
(0.71)
19.3
(0.76)
15.2
(0.60)
13.6
(0.54)
30.2
(1.19)
68.8
(2.71)
205.7
(8.10)
214.2
(8.43)
109.5
(4.31)
12.7
(0.50)
5.5
(0.22)
6.4
(0.25)
719.2
(28.32)
Average rainy days 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.7 4.0 8.9 9.4 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.4 37.2
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
56 48 36 24 25 42 62 67 59 43 44 54 47
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[65]
Climate data for New Delhi (Ayanagar) 1971–2020, extremes 1967–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5)
33.2
(91.8)
40.6
(105.1)
45.0
(113.0)
47.4
(117.3)
47.0
(116.6)
44.8
(112.6)
42.7
(108.9)
41.0
(105.8)
39.4
(102.9)
36.4
(97.5)
30.2
(86.4)
47.4
(117.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.2
(77.4)
29.4
(84.9)
36.2
(97.2)
42.8
(109.0)
45.9
(114.6)
45.6
(114.1)
41.5
(106.7)
38.3
(100.9)
37.2
(99.0)
36.2
(97.2)
32.2
(90.0)
27.7
(81.9)
46.2
(115.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6)
24.3
(75.7)
30.7
(87.3)
36.8
(98.2)
41.2
(106.2)
40.5
(104.9)
35.7
(96.3)
34.3
(93.7)
34.2
(93.6)
33.4
(92.1)
28.3
(82.9)
22.2
(72.0)
31.7
(89.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9)
11.0
(51.8)
15.4
(59.7)
21.0
(69.8)
25.5
(77.9)
27.1
(80.8)
26.5
(79.7)
25.8
(78.4)
24.2
(75.6)
19.5
(67.1)
14.2
(57.6)
8.3
(46.9)
18.9
(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)
6.8
(44.2)
10.5
(50.9)
16.3
(61.3)
19.7
(67.5)
20.6
(69.1)
22.8
(73.0)
23.1
(73.6)
21.5
(70.7)
14.5
(58.1)
9.8
(49.6)
3.2
(37.8)
2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7)
0.0
(32.0)
3.8
(38.8)
8.4
(47.1)
13.8
(56.8)
18.0
(64.4)
19.8
(67.6)
21.3
(70.3)
14.0
(57.2)
9.4
(48.9)
3.2
(37.8)
−0.5
(31.1)
−1.3
(29.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 18.0
(0.71)
19.8
(0.78)
21.6
(0.85)
10.7
(0.42)
31.1
(1.22)
69.9
(2.75)
182.2
(7.17)
188.4
(7.42)
106.1
(4.18)
13.8
(0.54)
2.1
(0.08)
5.4
(0.21)
669.1
(26.33)
Average rainy days 1.6 1.6 2.1 1.0 2.8 4.5 8.5 8.6 4.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 36.7
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
64 52 40 26 24 37 64 68 63 50 52 58 51
Source: India Meteorological Department[66][67] February record high[68]
Climate data for New Delhi (Delhi Ridge) 1991–2020, extremes 1971–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.5
(81.5)
34.2
(93.6)
40.9
(105.6)
45.7
(114.3)
47.2
(117.0)
47.9
(118.2)
42.5
(108.5)
40.4
(104.7)
38.4
(101.1)
38.4
(101.1)
34.2
(93.6)
29.8
(85.6)
47.9
(118.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9)
29.6
(85.3)
36.4
(97.5)
42.8
(109.0)
45.7
(114.3)
44.8
(112.6)
40.4
(104.7)
37.7
(99.9)
36.8
(98.2)
36.4
(97.5)
32.5
(90.5)
27.2
(81.0)
45.9
(114.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2)
24.4
(75.9)
31.0
(87.8)
37.0
(98.6)
40.7
(105.3)
39.8
(103.6)
35.1
(95.2)
33.9
(93.0)
34.0
(93.2)
33.4
(92.1)
28.0
(82.4)
22.5
(72.5)
31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7)
12.1
(53.8)
16.8
(62.2)
22.0
(71.6)
25.9
(78.6)
27.0
(80.6)
26.1
(79.0)
25.5
(77.9)
24.1
(75.4)
20.3
(68.5)
15.1
(59.2)
9.9
(49.8)
19.2
(66.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7)
9.0
(48.2)
12.0
(53.6)
17.4
(63.3)
20.7
(69.3)
21.3
(70.3)
22.7
(72.9)
23.2
(73.8)
21.5
(70.7)
17.0
(62.6)
11.5
(52.7)
5.3
(41.5)
4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7)
7.0
(44.6)
10.2
(50.4)
11.6
(52.9)
14.2
(57.6)
16.7
(62.1)
21.0
(69.8)
21.6
(70.9)
19.0
(66.2)
12.4
(54.3)
9.7
(49.5)
3.5
(38.3)
1.5
(34.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 20.1
(0.79)
19.5
(0.77)
17.8
(0.70)
7.6
(0.30)
34.0
(1.34)
60.7
(2.39)
190.1
(7.48)
190.2
(7.49)
119.3
(4.70)
26.5
(1.04)
2.1
(0.08)
6.1
(0.24)
694
(27.32)
Average rainy days 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 2.4 3.9 8.3 9.4 5.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 36.3
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
66 54 41 29 31 44 71 76 68 55 54 62 55
Source: India Meteorological Department[69][70] February record high[68]

Air quality

In

air quality and pollution.[71][72] The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.[73] In 2016, United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth[74] and IQAir listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019.[75]

Dense smog at Connaught Place, New Delhi

In an attempt to lessen

alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered licence plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.[76] The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.[77] Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.[76]

On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.[78]

Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.[79] In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average.[80] However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.[citation needed]

On 7 November 2017, the

Anand Vihar district with an index of 319.[82] Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710 μg/m3, more than 11 times the World Health Organization's safe limit.[81]

In a 2018 study, New Delhi was found to be the most polluted capital out of 61 capital cities around the world.

COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India, the water quality of the Yamuna and Ganges river basins have improved as industries are closed due to the lockdown.[85][86][87][88] The air quality has also significantly improved during the lockdown.[89] On 5 November 2020, New Delhi recorded its most toxic day in a year, as the concentration of poisonous PM2.5 particles was recorded at 14 times the WHO's safe limit.[90]

2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (PM2.5 AQI)
   Hazardous
   Very Unhealthy
   Unhealthy
   Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
   Moderate
   Good
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December
Average Air quality index 201-300

(Poor)

201-300

(Poor)

101-200

(Moderate)

101-200

(Moderate)

101-200

(Moderate)

101-200

(Moderate)

51-100

(Satisfactory)

51-100

(Satisfactory)

51-100

(Satisfactory)

401-500

(Severe)

401-500

(Severe)

301-400

(Very Poor)

Demographics

As of 2011, the New Delhi Municipal Council area has a population of 249,998.[3] Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes.[91] New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is the highest in Delhi.[92]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1931 73,653—    
1941 93,733+27.3%
1951 276,314+194.8%
1961 261,545−5.3%
1971 301,801+15.4%
1981 273,036−9.5%
1991 301,297+10.4%
2001 302,363+0.4%
2011 257,803−14.7%
Source: Government of India[93]

Religion

Religion in New Delhi (NDMC)[94]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
89.82%
Islam
4.50%
Christianity
2.93%
Sikhism
1.97%
Jainism
0.42%
Others
0.36%

According to 2011 census,

Jews.[95]

Government

The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.

Municipalities of Delhi
The district of New Delhi within the NCT

New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the

Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi
and five members nominated by the central government.

The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The New Delhi district includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name, but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area.

Economy

LIC,New Delhi in Connaught Place

New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of 1,595 billion (US$20 billion) in nominal terms and ~6,800 billion (US$85 billion) in PPP terms.[96] As of 2013, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011–12.[97]

Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi-government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism.[citation needed
]

A view of a road at Connaught Place showing busy traffic
Connaught Place in Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region.

The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.[98] New Delhi, with Beijing, shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.[99]

The government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi, the metropolis has a net

primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.[100]

The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion (short scale), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.[101]

Culture

New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast

Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.[102][additional citation(s) needed
]

Religious festivals include

International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.[citation needed
]

In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation

Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama.[citation needed
]

Historic sites, museums and gardens

National Museum
in New Delhi is one of the largest museums in India.

New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the

Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.[106]

The India Gate, which was built in 1931, was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who died while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted.[citation needed]

The

Republic of India, located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later.[citation needed
]

The Rajghat, the final resting place of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.[citation needed]

astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.[citation needed
]

New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum,

In the coming years, a new National War Memorial and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi[109][110] for 4,000 million (US$50 million).[111][112]

New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include

Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.[citation needed
]

The New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.[113]

Cityscape

Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official residence of the President of India.

Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect

Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.[114]

At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.[citation needed]

Architecture

The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.[115][116] All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.[115]

It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.[117] Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.[citation needed]

In the year 2019, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and Government of India introduced the Central Vista redevelopment project proposing the redevelopment of over 440 hectares (1,100 acres),[118] costing 20,000 crore (equivalent to 240 billion or US$2.9 billion in 2023).[119]

Transport

Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway, connecting Delhi to the Indira Gandhi International Airport

Air

southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers,[citation needed] making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost 96.8 billion (US$1.2 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[121]

The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two

the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,[122] and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[123]

In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International.[124] The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.[125] Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia/India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.[126]

Road

New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns the largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world and Delhi Transit. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around 15–20 km/h (9.3–12.4 mph) in peak hours in the city.[127]

Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi's road infrastructure:

National Highways

New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:[citation needed]

Railway

Station Name Station Code Railway Zone Total Platforms
New Delhi NDLS Northern Railway 16
Delhi Junction DLI Northern Railway 16
Hazrat Nizamuddin
NZM Northern Railway 9
Anand Vihar Terminal
ANVT Northern Railway 7
Delhi Sarai Rohilla DEE Northern Railway 7

New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the

Sarai Rohilla.[128] The Delhi Ring Railway, a 35-kilometre (22 mi) circular railway network in Delhi that runs parallel to the Ring Road, is a part of Delhi's suburban railway services.[129]

Metro

Delhi Metro – Phase 2

The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the network consists of 10 colour-coded lines[130] serving 255 stations[a] with a total length of 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi).[b] The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.[133]

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned[134] from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse[135] which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the Legion of Honour by the French government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.[citation needed
]

Education

Schools

Colleges

Universities

Sports

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium. In the foreground, there is an aerostat
.

The city hosted the

2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.[137]

Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the

.

Club Sport League Venue Span
Delhi Capitals Cricket IPL
Arun Jaitley Stadium
2008–present
Delhi Wizards Field hockey WSH
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2011–present
Delhi Waveriders Field hockey HIL
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2013–present
Delhi FC Football I-League Ambedkar Stadium 1994–present
Delhi Dashers Badminton PBL DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium 2015–2019
Dabang Delhi Kabaddi PKL Thyagaraj Sports Complex 2014–present
Indian Aces Tennis IPTL Indira Gandhi Arena 2014–present
Dilli Veer Wrestling PWL K. D. Jadhav Wrestling Stadium 2015–present

International relations and organisations

4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi in 2012
First plenary session of the Asian Regional Conference of the ILO in New Delhi, October 1947

The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the

UNHCR Representation in India
is also located in the city.

New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.

Summits, conferences and conventions

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development hosted its second meeting conference in the year 1968 at New Delhi.

New Delhi hosted the

Global Conference on CyberSpace in 2017.[142][143] India has also host the G20 summit in 2023 in New Delhi.[144]

Sister cities

See also

Notes

  1. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 286 stations[131][130][132]
  2. ^ The total length of Delhi Metro is 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi). The operations & maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC, so the total length operated by DMRC is 390.14 kilometres (242.42 mi).[131][132]

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Bibliography

External links