New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven | ||
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FIPS code 09-52000 | | |
GNIS feature ID | 0209231 | |
Airport | Tweed New Haven Airport | |
Major highways | ||
Commuter rail | ||
Website | www |
New Haven is a city in
New Haven was one of the first
New Haven is the home of Yale University, New Haven's biggest taxpayer and employer,[10] and an integral part of the city's economy. Health care, professional and financial services and retail trade also contribute to the city's economic activity.
The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford. New Haven has since billed itself as the "Cultural Capital of Connecticut" for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues.[11] New Haven had the first public tree planting program in the U.S., producing a canopy of mature trees (including some large elms) that gave the city the nickname "The Elm City".[12]
History
Pre-colonial foundation as an independent colony
Before Europeans arrived, the New Haven area was the home of the Quinnipiac tribe of Native Americans, who lived in villages around the harbor and sustained an economy of local fisheries and the farming of maize. The area was briefly visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a small trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic and the Dutch did not settle permanently in the area.
In 1637, a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans, who had left the
By 1640, "Quinnipiac's" theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed Newhaven, with 'haven' meaning harbor or port. However, the area to the north remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, distinct from the Connecticut Colony previously established to the north centering on Hartford. Reflecting its theocratic roots, the New Haven Colony forbade the establishment of other churches, whereas the Connecticut Colony permitted them.
Economic disaster struck Newhaven in 1646, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of local goods (the "Great Shippe") back to England. It never reached its destination, and its disappearance stymied New Haven's development versus the rising trade powers of Boston and New Amsterdam (modern day New York).
In 1660, Colony founder John Davenport's wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins.
In 1661, the
As part of the Connecticut Colony
In 1664 New Haven became part of the Connecticut Colony when the two colonies were merged under political pressure from England. Seeking to establish a new theocracy elsewhere, some members of the New Haven Colony went on to establish Newark, New Jersey.
New Haven was made co-capital of Connecticut in 1701, a status it retained until 1873.
In 1716, the Collegiate School relocated from
For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, including the
On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon, governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the town of 3,500. A militia of Yale students had been preparing for battle, and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront the Redcoats. Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle, he still couldn't quite believe the revolution had begun.[15] New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with Danbury in 1777, or Fairfield and Norwalk a week after the New Haven raid, preserving many of the town's colonial features.
Post-colonial period and industrialization
New Haven was incorporated as a city in 1784, and
Towns created from the original New Haven Colony[16] | ||
New town | Split from | Incorporated |
---|---|---|
Wallingford | New Haven | 1670 |
Cheshire | Wallingford | 1780 |
Meriden | Wallingford | 1806 |
Branford | New Haven | 1685 |
North Branford | Branford | 1831 |
Woodbridge | New Haven and Milford | 1784 |
Bethany | Woodbridge | 1832 |
East Haven | New Haven | 1785 |
Hamden | New Haven | 1786 |
North Haven | New Haven | 1786 |
Orange | New Haven and Milford | 1822 |
West Haven | Orange | 1921 |
The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of
The Farmington Canal, created in the early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts.
New Haven was to be the site of the first college for African Americans in the United States, but the plan was obstructed by efforts led by Yale
New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning
The
Post-industrial era and urban redevelopment
New Haven's expansion continued during the two World Wars, with most new inhabitants being
In 1954; then-mayor
In 1970, a series of criminal prosecutions against various members of the Black Panther Party took place in New Haven, inciting mass protests on the New Haven Green involving twelve thousand demonstrators and many well-known New Left political activists. (See "Political Culture" below for more information).
From the 1960s through the late 1990s, central areas of New Haven continued to decline both economically and in terms of population despite attempts to resurrect certain neighborhoods through renewal projects. In conjunction with its declining population, New Haven experienced a steep rise in its
Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular, the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In addition, two new supermarkets opened to serve downtown's growing residential population: a Stop & Shop opened just west of downtown, while Elm City Market, located one block from the Green, opened in 2011.[24] The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals.[25][26][27]
Major projects include the current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown, and also a 32-story, 500-unit apartment/retail building called
In April 2009, the
In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the
Timeline of notable firsts
- 1638: New Haven becomes the first planned city in America.
- 1776: Yale student David Bushnell invents the first American submarine.
- 1787: John Fitch builds the first steamboat.
- 1836: Samuel Colt invents the automatic revolver in Whitney's factory.
- 1839: vulcanizing rubber in Woburn, Massachusetts, and later perfects it and patents the process in nearby Springfield, Massachusetts.[37]
- 1860: Philios P. Blake patents the first corkscrew.
- 1877: New Haven hosts the first PSTN(telephone) switch office.
- 1878–1880: The District Telephone Company of New Haven creates the world's first AT&T).[38]
- 1882: The Knights of Columbus are founded in New Haven. The city still serves as the world headquarters of the organization, which maintains a museum downtown.[39]
- 1892: Local
- Late 19th century-early 20th century: The first public tree planting program takes place in New Haven, at the urging of native James Hillhouse.[41]
- 1900: Louis Lassen, owner of Louis' Lunch, is credited with inventing the hamburger, as well as the steak sandwich.[42]
- 1911: The Erector Set, the popular and culturally important construction toy, is invented in New Haven by A.C. Gilbert. It was manufactured by the A. C. Gilbert Company at Erector Square from 1913 until the company's bankruptcy in 1967.[43]
- 1920: In competition with competing explanations, the Frisbee is said to have originated on the Yale campus, based on the tin pans of the Frisbie Pie Company which were tossed around by students on the New Haven Green.[44]
- 1977: The first memorial to victims of Auschwitz are buried under the memorial.[45]
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.1 square miles (52.1 km2), of which 18.7 square miles (48.4 km2) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.7 km2), or 6.67%, is water.[48]
New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large, shallow harbor, and two reddish basalt
The city is drained by three rivers; the West, Mill, and Quinnipiac, named in order from west to east. The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor. Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound. In addition, several smaller streams flow through the city's neighborhoods, including Wintergreen Brook, the Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, and Prospect Creek. Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round.
Climate
According to the
The hardiness zone is 7a.Climate data for New Haven (HVN), Connecticut, elevation: 4 m or 13 ft, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 69 (21) |
68 (20) |
77 (25) |
88 (31) |
95 (35) |
96 (36) |
101 (38) |
100 (38) |
93 (34) |
89 (32) |
80 (27) |
65 (18) |
101 (38) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 56.4 (13.6) |
54.8 (12.7) |
64.4 (18.0) |
76.9 (24.9) |
82.7 (28.2) |
88.4 (31.3) |
91.1 (32.8) |
90.0 (32.2) |
86.1 (30.1) |
77.8 (25.4) |
68.3 (20.2) |
59.3 (15.2) |
92.1 (33.4) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 38.1 (3.4) |
40.2 (4.6) |
47.0 (8.3) |
57.8 (14.3) |
67.7 (19.8) |
76.4 (24.7) |
82.1 (27.8) |
81.0 (27.2) |
74.7 (23.7) |
63.8 (17.7) |
53.4 (11.9) |
43.7 (6.5) |
60.5 (15.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 30.5 (−0.8) |
32.0 (0.0) |
38.5 (3.6) |
48.5 (9.2) |
58.5 (14.7) |
67.9 (19.9) |
73.9 (23.3) |
72.9 (22.7) |
66.0 (18.9) |
54.7 (12.6) |
44.7 (7.1) |
36.3 (2.4) |
52.0 (11.1) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 23.0 (−5.0) |
23.9 (−4.5) |
30.1 (−1.1) |
39.3 (4.1) |
49.4 (9.7) |
59.3 (15.2) |
65.7 (18.7) |
64.7 (18.2) |
57.3 (14.1) |
45.5 (7.5) |
35.9 (2.2) |
28.9 (−1.7) |
43.9 (6.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 4.8 (−15.1) |
8.9 (−12.8) |
15.8 (−9.0) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
37.7 (3.2) |
47.7 (8.7) |
56.9 (13.8) |
54.1 (12.3) |
45.0 (7.2) |
30.7 (−0.7) |
21.8 (−5.7) |
14.5 (−9.7) |
6.2 (−14.3) |
Record low °F (°C) | −8 (−22) |
−6 (−21) |
1 (−17) |
17 (−8) |
30 (−1) |
40 (4) |
50 (10) |
43 (6) |
34 (1) |
23 (−5) |
13 (−11) |
−3 (−19) |
−8 (−22) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.72 (69) |
2.84 (72) |
3.66 (93) |
4.19 (106) |
3.54 (90) |
3.47 (88) |
3.36 (85) |
3.55 (90) |
4.03 (102) |
3.78 (96) |
3.12 (79) |
3.53 (90) |
41.79 (1,061) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 9.0 (23) |
9.8 (25) |
7.2 (18) |
1.0 (2.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.1 (2.8) |
7.2 (18) |
35.4 (89.55) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.5 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 10.9 | 12.9 | 11.8 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 124.3 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.9 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 22.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
62.8 | 60.3 | 64.4 | 65.1 | 69.7 | 73.8 | 74.2 | 73.8 | 74.1 | 70.4 | 68.2 | 63.6 | 68.4 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source 1: NOAA (snow/snow days 1948–1974)[51][52] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weatherbase (humidity),[53] Weather Atlas (UV index)[54] |
Streetscape
New Haven has a long tradition of urban planning and a purposeful design for the city's layout.[55] The city could be argued to have some of the first preconceived layouts in the country.[56][57] Upon founding, New Haven was laid out in a grid plan of nine square blocks; the central square was left open, in the tradition of many New England towns, as the city green (a commons area). The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America. As in other cities, many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname "Elm City" perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch elm disease, although many have since been replanted. The New Haven Green is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city.[7] The Green remains the social center of the city today. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970.
Downtown New Haven, occupied by nearly 7,000 residents, has a more residential character than most downtowns.[58] The downtown area provides about half of the city's jobs and half of its tax base[58] and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants, in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city.[59]
Neighborhoods
The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the
Demographics
Census data
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1756 | 5,085 | — |
1774 | 8,295 | +63.1% |
1790 | 4,487 | −45.9% |
1800 | 4,049 | −9.8% |
1810 | 5,772 | +42.6% |
1820 | 7,147 | +23.8% |
1830 | 10,180 | +42.4% |
1840 | 12,960 | +27.3% |
1850 | 20,345 | +57.0% |
1860 | 39,267 | +93.0% |
1870 | 50,840 | +29.5% |
1880 | 62,882 | +23.7% |
1890 | 86,045 | +36.8% |
1900 | 108,027 | +25.5% |
1910 | 133,605 | +23.7% |
1920 | 162,537 | +21.7% |
1930 | 162,665 | +0.1% |
1940 | 160,605 | −1.3% |
1950 | 164,443 | +2.4% |
1960 | 152,048 | −7.5% |
1970 | 137,707 | −9.4% |
1980 | 126,021 | −8.5% |
1990 | 130,474 | +3.5% |
2000 | 123,626 | −5.2% |
2010 | 129,779 | +5.0% |
2020 | 134,023 | +3.3% |
Source: |
The
The city's Latino population is growing rapidly. Previous influxes among ethnic groups have been African-Americans in the postwar era, and Irish, Italian and (to a lesser degree) Slavic peoples in the prewar period.As of the 2010 census, of the 47,094 households, 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.5% include married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size 3.19.[69][70]
The ages of New Haven's residents were 25.4% under the age of 18, 16.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years, which was significantly lower than the national average. There were 91.8 males per 100 females. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,604, and the median income for a family was $35,950. Median income for males was $33,605, compared with $28,424 for females. The
Other data
It is estimated that 14% of New Haven residents are pedestrian commuters, ranking it number four by highest percentage in the United States. This is primarily due to New Haven's small area and the presence of Yale University.
New Haven is noted for having the highest percentage of Italian American residents of any US city, and is noted for its
New Haven is a predominantly
A study of the demographics of the New Haven metro area, based on age, educational attainment, and race and ethnicity, found that they were the closest of any American city to the national average.[72]
Economy
New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid
In 2017, New Haven was ranked by a
Industry sectors: Agriculture (.6%), Construction and Mining (4.9%), Manufacturing (2.9%), Transportation and Utilities (2.9%), Trade (21.7%), Finance and Real Estate (7.1%), Services (55.9%), Government (4.0%)
Headquarters
The
Law and government
Political structure
New Haven is governed via the
Justin Elicker is the mayor of New Haven. He was sworn in as the 51st mayor of New Haven on January 1, 2020.
The city council, called the Board of Alders, consists of thirty members, each elected from single-member wards.[80] Each of the 30 wards consists of slightly over 4,300 residents; redistricting takes place every ten years.[81]
The city is overwhelmingly Democratic. In 2017, of the town's 83,694 voters, 66% were registered as Democrats (−4% since 2015), 4% were registered as Republicans (+1%), and 29% were unaffiliated (+3).[82] The board of alders is dominated by Democrats; a Republican has not served as a New Haven alder since 2011.[83][84]
New Haven is served by the New Haven Police Department, which had 443 sworn officers in 2011.[85] The city is also served by the New Haven Fire Department.
New Haven lies within
The Greater New Haven area is served by the New Haven Judicial District Court and the New Haven Superior Court, both headquartered at the New Haven County Courthouse.[88] The federal District Court for the District of Connecticut has a New Haven facility, the Richard C. Lee United States Courthouse.
Political history
New Haven is the birthplace of former
New Haven voters overwhelmingly supported
New Haven was the subject of
George Williamson Crawford, a Yale Law School graduate, served as the city's first black corporation counsel from 1954 to 1962, under Mayor Richard C. Lee.[95]
In 1970, the New Haven Black Panther trials took place, the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history. Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale and ten other party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant. Beginning on May Day, the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters, college students, and New Left activists (including Jean Genet, Benjamin Spock, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and John Froines), who amassed on the New Haven Green, across the street from where the trials were being held. Violent confrontations between the demonstrators and the New Haven Police occurred, and several bombs were set off in the area by radicals. The event became a rallying point for the New Left and critics of the Nixon Administration.[96][97]
During the summer of 2007, New Haven was the center of protests by
In April 2009, the
Crime
Crime increased in the 1990s, with New Haven having one of the ten highest violent crime rates per capita in the United States.[106] In the late 1990s New Haven's crime began to stabilize. The city, adopting a policy of community policing, saw crime rates drop during the 2000s.[107][108]
Violent crime levels vary dramatically among New Haven's neighborhoods, with some areas having crime rates in line with the state of Connecticut average, and others having extremely high rates of crime. A 2011 New Haven Health Department report identifies these issues in greater detail.[109]
In 2010, New Haven ranked as the 18th most dangerous city in the United States (albeit below the safety benchmark of 200.00 for the second year in a row).[110] However, according to a completely different analysis conducted by the "24/7 Wall Street Blog", in 2011 New Haven had risen to become the fourth most dangerous city in the United States, and was widely cited in the press as such.[111][112]
However, an analysis by the Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc., has shown that due to issues of comparative denominators and other factors, such municipality-based rankings can be considered inaccurate.[113] For example, two cities of identical population can cover widely differing land areas, making such analyses irrelevant. The research organization called for comparisons based on neighborhoods, blocks, or standard methodologies (similar to those used by Brookings, DiversityData, and other established institutions), not based on municipalities.
Education
Colleges and universities
New Haven is a notable center for higher education. Yale University, at the heart of downtown, is one of the city's best known features and its largest employer.[114] New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University, part of the Connecticut State University System, and Albertus Magnus College, a private institution. Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven, formerly located in the Long Wharf district; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus (on the site of the old Macy's building) and was open for the Fall 2012 semester.[115][116]
There are several institutions immediately outside of New Haven, as well.
Primary and secondary schools
New Haven Public Schools is the school district serving the city. Wilbur Cross High School and Hillhouse High School are New Haven's two largest public secondary schools.
The city is renowned for its progressive school lunch programs,[118] and participation in statewide bussing efforts toward increased diversity in schools.[119]
PROUD Academy will open in New Haven in September 2023.[120]
Culture
Cuisine
New Haven's greatest culinary claim to fame may be its pizza, which has been claimed to be among the best in the country,
A second New Haven
A third New Haven
During weekday lunchtime, over 150 lunch carts and food trucks cater to diners around the city.
Popular farmers' markets, managed by the local non-profit CitySeed,[146] set up shop weekly in several neighborhoods, including Westville/Edgewood Park, Fair Haven, Upper State Street, Wooster Square, and Downtown/New Haven Green.
A large grocery store, the Elm City Market, opened on 360 State Street in New Haven in early fall 2011 and served local produce and groceries to the community. Originally, the market was a member-owned
In the past several years, two separate Downtown food tour companies have started offering popular restaurant tours on weekends. Taste of New Haven Tours offers several different weekly restaurant/bar tours and a popular pizza, bike, and pints tour. Culinary Walking Tours offers monthly restaurant tours and sponsors an annual Elm City Iron Chef competition.
Theatre and film
The city hosts numerous theatres and production houses, including the
The Shubert Theatre once premiered many major theatrical productions before their Broadway debuts. Productions that premiered at the Shubert include
Bow Tie Cinemas owns and operates the Criterion Cinemas, the first new movie theater to open in New Haven in over 30 years and the first luxury movie complex in the city's history. The Criterion has seven screens and opened in November 2004, showing a mix of upscale first run commercial and independent film.[151]
Museums
New Haven has a variety of museums, many of them associated with Yale. The
New Haven is the home port of a life-size replica of the historical
Music
The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts, especially during the summer months. These have included the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, the July Free Concerts on the Green, and the New Haven Jazz Festival in August. The Jazz Festival, which began in 1982, is one of the longest-running free outdoor festivals in the U.S., until it was canceled for 2007. Headliners such as Dave Brubeck, Ray Charles and Celia Cruz have historically drawn 30,000 to 50,000 fans, filling up the New Haven Green to capacity. The New Haven Jazz Festival was revived in 2008 and has been sponsored since by Jazz Haven.[154]
New Haven is home to the concert venue
The Yale School of Music contributes to the city's music scene by offering hundreds of free concerts throughout the year at venues in and around the Yale campus. Large performances are held in the 2,700-seat Woolsey Hall auditorium, which contains the world's largest symphonic organs, while chamber music and recitals are performed in Sprague Hall.
The Hillhouse Opera Company is a U.S. non-profit[155] opera company based in New Haven that performs in the New Haven area. Founded in 2008 by Victoria Leigh Gardner, Nicole Rodriguez and Jim Coatsworth Hillhouse Opera Company has performed operas as well as opera scenes programs, master classes and concert series.[156][157][158] In 2011, the Company professionally staged the works created through the Riverview Opera Project. The Riverview Opera Project created workshops for children and adolescents at Riverview Hospital, Connecticut's only state-funded psychiatric hospital for youth, and helped them to successfully create, produce, and perform four original operas.[159]
Festivals
In addition to the Jazz Festival (described above), New Haven serves as the home city of the annual
Nightlife
In the past decade downtown has seen an influx of new restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. Large crowds are drawn to the Crown Street area downtown on weekends where many of the restaurants and bars are located. Crown Street between State and High Streets has dozens of establishments, as do nearby Temple and College Streets. Away from downtown, Upper State Street has a number of restaurants and bars popular with local residents and weekend visitors.
Newspapers and media
New Haven is served by the daily
Sports and athletics
New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century
When
New Haven was the host of the
Greater New Haven is home to a number of college sports teams. The Yale Bulldogs play Division I college sports, as do the Quinnipiac Bobcats in neighboring Hamden. Division II athletics are played by Southern Connecticut State University and the University of New Haven (actually located in neighboring West Haven), while Albertus Magnus College athletes perform at the Division III level.
New Haven is home to many New York Yankees, New York Mets, & Boston Red Sox fans due to the proximity of New York City & Boston.[171]
Walter Camp, deemed the "father of American football", was a New Havener.
The
Structures
Architecture
New Haven has many architectural landmarks dating from every important time period and architectural style in American history. The city has been home to a number of architects and architectural firms that have left their mark on the city including
Several residential homes in New Haven were designed by Alice Washburn, a noted female architect whose Colonial Revival style set a standard for homes in the region.[176]
Many of the city's neighborhoods are well-preserved as walkable "museums" of 19th- and 20th-century American architecture, particularly by the New Haven Green, Hillhouse Avenue and other residential sections close to Downtown New Haven. Overall, a large proportion of the city's land area is National (NRHP) historic districts. One of the best sources on local architecture is New Haven: Architecture and Urban Design, by Elizabeth Mills Brown.[177]
The five tallest buildings in New Haven are:[178]
- Connecticut Financial Center 383 ft (117m) 26 floors
- 360 State Street 338 ft (103m) 32 floors
- Knights of Columbus Building 321 ft (98m) 23 floors
- Kline Biology Tower 250 ft (76m) 16 floors
- Crown Towers 233 ft (71m) 22 floors
Historic points of interest
Many historical sites exist throughout the city, including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Of these, nine are among the 60 U.S. National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut. The New Haven Green, one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century churches. Below the First Church of Christ in New Haven (referred to as the Center Church on the Green) lies a 17th-century crypt, which is open to visitors.[179] Some of the more famous burials include the first wife of Benedict Arnold and the aunt and grandmother of President Rutherford B. Hayes; Hayes visited the crypt while President in 1880.[180] The Old Campus of Yale University is located next to the Green, and includes Connecticut Hall, Yale's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark. The Hillhouse Avenue area, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a part of Yale's campus, has been called a walkable museum, due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape; Charles Dickens is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue "the most beautiful street in America" when visiting the city in 1868.[181]
In 1660,
After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort (to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort) to protect the port of New Haven. In 1779, during the Battle of New Haven, British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground. The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government (on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration), and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale, after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven. The cannons of Fort Nathan Hale were successful in defying British war ships during the War of 1812. In 1863, during the Civil War, a second Fort Hale was built next to the original, complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat, to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched. The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921, and all three versions of the fort have been restored. The site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and receives thousands of visitors each year.[183][184]
Two sites pay homage to the time President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft lived in the city, as both a student and later Professor at Yale: a plaque on Prospect Street marks the site where Taft's home formerly stood,[189] and downtown's Taft Apartment Building (formerly the Taft Hotel) bears the name of the former president who resided in the building for eight years before becoming Chief Justice of the United States.[150]
Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb.[190] The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Point Carousel, constructed in 1916.[191][192] Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor, which remains in service to this day. Both of the lighthouses and the carousel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Other historic sites in the city include the
Transportation
Rail
New Haven is connected to New York City and points along the Northeast Corridor by commuter rail, regional rail and inter-city rail. Service is provided by:
- Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line (commuter rail) to points west, such as Bridgeport, Stamford, Greenwich, and New York City
- Shore Line East (commuter rail) to points east, such as Old Saybrook and New London, with limited rush-hour service west to Stamford
- Hartford Line (commuter rail) to points north, such as Meriden, Hartford, Windsor, and Springfield, Massachusetts
- Amtrak (regional and intercity rail)
The city's main railroad station is the historic
An additional station,
Bus
The
CT Transit's Union Station Shuttle provides free service from Union Station to the New Haven Green and several New Haven parking garages. Peter Pan and Greyhound bus lines have scheduled stops at Union Station, and connections downtown can be made via the Union Station Shuttle. A private company operates the New Haven/Hartford Express which provides commuter bus service to Hartford. The Yale University Shuttle provides free transportation around New Haven for Yale students, faculty, and staff.
The New Haven Division buses follow routes that had originally been covered by trolley service. Horse-drawn streetcars began operating in New Haven in the 1860s, and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric. In the 1920s and 1930s, some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines, with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948. The City of New Haven is in the very early stages of considering the restoration of streetcar (light-rail) service, which has been absent since the postwar period.[194][195][196][197]
Bicycle
On February 21, 2018, New Haven officially launched its Bike New Haven bikeshare program.[198] based on dockless technology powered by Noa Technologies[199] At time of launch, the program features 10 docking stations and 100 bikes, spread throughout the urban core; there are plans to reach 30 bike stations and 300 bikes by the end of April 2018.[198] The launch of the New Haven bikeshare program coincided with the launch of Yale University's own bikeshare program, which uses the same technology powered by Noa.[200]
Bike lanes
In 2004, the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street, connecting
The city has plans to create two additional bike lanes connecting Union Station with downtown, and the
Farmington Canal Greenway
The
Roads
New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast—which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts—and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canada–US border. I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial, or "Q Bridge", which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic. I-91, however, is relatively less congested, except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times.
The
The city also has several major surface arteries.
Traffic safety is a major concern for drivers, pedestrians and cyclists in New Haven.[204] In addition to many traffic-related fatalities in the city each year, since 2005, over a dozen Yale students, staff and faculty have been killed or injured in traffic collisions on or near the campus.[205]
Airport
Bus service between
Seaport
On June 17, 2013, the city commissioned the Nathan Hale, a 36 foot (11 m) port security vessel capable of serving search and rescue, firefighting, and constabulary roles.[206][207]
Infrastructure
Hospitals and medicine
The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. There are two major medical centers downtown:
Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region, and are succeeding to some extent.[213] The city, state and Yale together run Science Park,[214] a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's Science Hill campus.[215] This multi-block site, approximately bordered by Mansfield Street, Division Street, and Shelton Avenue, is the former home of Winchester's and Olin Corporation's 45 large-scale factory buildings. Currently, sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures, but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings (leased primarily by a private developer) with numerous Yale employees, financial service and biotech companies.
A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built
Power supply facilities
Electricity for New Haven is generated by a 448 MW oil and gas-fired generating station located on the shore at New Haven Harbor.[216] PPL Corporation operates a 220 MW peaking natural gas turbine plant in nearby Wallingford.
Near New Haven there is the
There are three
New Haven recently installed solar panels at 11 city schools with a combined power generation capacity of 1.8 MW.[225] Owned and maintained by Greenskies, the panels allow New Haven to purchase electricity at a discounted rate through a power-purchasing agreement. The panels bring New Haven's solar capacity to 2.8 MW and will help New Haven meet its commitment to powering 100% of its municipal operations through clean energy, which it made in Summer 2017[226] and reaffirmed in the 2018 New Haven Climate and Sustainability Framework.[227]
In popular culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2016) |
Several movies have been filmed in New Haven since 2000, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts,[228] The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf.[229] The filming of Crystal Skull involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a "makeover" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film.[230][231] In Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station.
New Haven is mentioned in the song Peace Frog by the Doors, referencing a 1967 incident where Morrison was arrested for "attempting to incite a riot" in the middle of a concert at the New Haven Arena.
Notable people
Sister cities
New Haven's sister cities are:[232]
- Afula, Israel
- Amalfi, Italy
- Avignon, France
- Changsha, China
- Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Huế, Vietnam
- León, Nicaragua, Nicaragua
- San Francisco Tetlanohcan, Mexico
Some of these were selected because of historical connection—Freetown because of the Amistad trial. Others, such as Amalfi and Afula, reflect ethnic groups in New Haven.
In 1990, the
See also
- National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven, Connecticut
- New Haven Fire Department
- New Haven Police Department
- Coast Guard Station New Haven
- New Haven Coronavirus
- USS New Haven, 4 ships
- Education in Connecticut
- History of Connecticut
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Further reading
- Leonard Bacon, Thirteen Historical Discourses (New Haven, 1839)
- C. H. Hoadley (editor), Records of the Colony of New Haven, 1638–1665 (two volumes, Hartford, 1857–58)
- J. W. Barber, History and Antiquities of New Haven (third edition, New Haven, 1870)
- C. H. Levermore, Town and City Government of New Haven (Baltimore, 1886)
- C. H. Levermore, Republic of New Haven: A History of Municipal Evolution (Baltimore, 1886)
- E. S. Bartlett, Historical Sketches of New Haven (New Haven, 1897)
- F. H. Cogswell, "New Haven" in L. P. Powell (editor), Historic Towns of New England (New York, 1898)
- H. T. Blake, Chronicles of New Haven Green (New Haven, 1898)
- E. E. Atwater, History of the Colony of New Haven (New edition, New Haven, 1902)
- "New Haven", Handbook of New England, Boston: OCLC 16726464
- Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City(Yale University Press, New Haven, 1961)
- William Lee Miller, The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society (Houghton Mifflin/Riverside, 1966)
- Douglas W. Rae, City: Urbanism and Its End (New Haven, 2003)
- New Haven City Yearbooks
- Michael Sletcher, New Haven: From Puritanism to the Age of Terrorism (Charleston, 2004)
- Preston C. Maynard and Majorey B. Noyes, (editors), "Carriages and Clocks, Corsets and Locks: the Rise and Fall of an Industrial City—New Haven, Connecticut" (University Press of New England, 2005)
- Mandi Isaacs Jackson, Model City Blues: Urban Space and Organized Resistance in New Haven (Temple University Press, 2008)
- James Cersonsky, "Whose New Haven? Reversing the Slant of the Knowledge Economy" (Dissent, February 15, 2011)
- Paul Bass, "New Hope for New Haven, Connecticut" (Nation, January 25, 2012)