New High German
New High German | |
---|---|
Neuhochdeutsch | |
Native to | Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Netherlands, |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
German alphabet | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Belgium; European Union; Namibia until 1990. |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | de |
ISO 639-2 | ger (B) deu (T) |
ISO 639-3 | deu |
Glottolog | mode1258 |
New High German (NHG; German: Neuhochdeutsch (Nhdt., Nhd.)) is the term used for the most recent period in the history of the German language, starting in the 17th century. It is a loan translation of the German Neuhochdeutsch (Nhd.). The most important characteristic of the period is the development of a standard written German, followed by the standardisation of the spoken language.[1] For this reason, the term New High German (or simply High German) is also used as a synonym for modern Standard German.
Periodisation
The German term was originally coined in 1819 by
There are both linguistic and extra-linguistic reasons for regarding the mid-17th century as the beginning of a new linguistic period. By this time, the
The New High German period is often subdivided, with a general consensus over a break in the first half of the 19th century, with another after 1945.
Territory
For the first two hundred years of the period, the linguistic boundary of German remained relatively stable, even where the territory itself changed hands, as in Alsace, a French possession since the Treaty of Westphalia.[15] The only major area of change was in the East. Initially only individual German-speaking settlers moved into the underpopulated lands of Brandenburg, Pomerania and Bohemia, but in the late 17th century both Prussia and Austria had policies of attracting settlers to these lands.[16]
From the late 19th century, however, there have been significant losses of German-speaking territory. The eastward settlement of the earlier period was reversed by a
Characteristics
The New High German period is characterised by the codification of German
See also
- German literature of the Baroque period
References
- ^ a b Besch & Wolf 2009, p. 227.
- ^ Grimm 1819, p. xxvi.
- ^ Grimm & Grimm 1854–1863.
- ^ Scherer 1878, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Roelcke 1998, with a table of the main alternative proposals.
- ^ Wells 1987, p. 23.
- ^ a b Penzl 1975, p. 125.
- ^ Keller 1978, p. 338.
- ^ Rolf, Moulin & Ruge 2016, p. 20.
- ^ Roelcke 1998, pp. 804–811.
- ^ Sonderegger 1979, pp. 183–184.
- ^ Young & Gloning 2004, pp. 307–308.
- ^ Roelcke 1998, pp. 804–813.
- ^ Sonderegger 1979, p. 179.
- ^ Keller 1978, p. 470.
- ^ Keller 1978, pp. 479–481.
- ^ Keller 1978, pp. 481–483.
- ^ Keller 1978, pp. 482–483.
Sources
- Besch, Werner; Wolf, Norbert Richard (2009). Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. ISBN 9783503098668.
- Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (1854–1863). "neuhochdeutsch". Deutsches Wörterbuch. Leipzig: Hirzel.
- Grimm, Jacob (1819). Deutsche Grammatik. Göttingen: Dieterische Buchhandlung. Reprint
- Grimm, Jacob (1822). Deutsche Grammatik (2nd ed.). Göttingen: Dieterische Buchhandlung.
- Keller, R.E. (1979). The German Language. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-11159-9.
- Penzl, Herbert (1975). Vom Urgermanischen zum Neuhochdeutschen : eine historische Phonologie. Grundlagen der Germanistik 16. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. ISBN 3-503-00790-3.
- von Polenz, Peter (2000). Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Vol. I: Einführung, Grundbegriffe, 14. bis 16. Jahrhundert (2nd ed.). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110164787.
- von Polenz, Peter (1999). Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Vol. II: 17. und 18. Jahrhundert (2nd ed.). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110143447.
- von Polenz, Peter (2013). Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Vol. III: 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (2nd ed.). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110314540.
- Roelcke T (1998). "Die Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte". In Besch W, Betten A, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.). Sprachgeschichte. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 798–815. ISBN 3-11-011257-4.
- Scherer, Wilhelm (1878). Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (2nd ed.). Berlin: Weidmann.
- Sonderegger, Stefan (1979). Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Vol. I. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-003570-7.
- Wells, C. J. (1987). German: A Linguistic History to 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815809-2.
- Young, Christopher; Gloning, Thomas (2004). A History of the German Language through texts. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18331-6.