New London, Connecticut
New London, Connecticut | |
---|---|
City | |
City of New London | |
Nickname: The Whaling City | |
Motto: | |
Coordinates: 41°21′20″N 72°05′58″W / 41.35556°N 72.09944°W | |
Country | United States |
U.S. state | Connecticut |
County | New London |
Region | Southeastern CT |
Settled | 1646 (Pequot Plantation) |
Named | 1658 (New London) |
Incorporated (city) | 1784 |
Named for | London, England |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–council |
• Mayor | Michael E. Passero
City Council |
Area UTC−4 (EDT) | |
ZIP Code | 06320 |
Area code(s) | 860/959 |
FIPS code | 09-52280 |
GNIS feature ID | 0209237 |
Website | newlondonct |
New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States, located at the outlet of the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut. The city is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region.
New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy, Connecticut College, Mitchell College, and The Williams School. The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to the Coast Guard Cutter Coho and the Coast Guard's tall ship Eagle. The city had a population of 27,367 at the 2020 census.[4] The Norwich–New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people.
History
Colonial era
The area was called Nameaug by the
American Revolution
The harbor was considered to be the best deep water harbor on
New London was raided and much of it burned to the ground on September 6, 1781 in the
Connecticut's independent legislature made New London one of the first two cities brought from de facto to formalized incorporations in its January session of 1784, along with New Haven.[citation needed]
19th century
After the War of 1812 began, the Royal Navy established a blockade of the East Coast of the United States, including New London. During the war, American forces unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the British ship of the line HMS Ramillies while it was lying at anchor in New London's harbor with torpedoes launched from small boats. This prompted the captain of Ramillies, Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, to warn the Americans to cease using this "cruel and unheard-of warfare" or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed". The fact that Hardy had been previously so lenient and considerate to the Americans caused them to abandon such attempts with immediate effect.[9]: 693
For several decades beginning in the early 19th century, New London was one of the three busiest
Many distinctive structures built in the 19th century remain, but the First Church built in 1853 unfortunately collapsed in January, 2024. [citation needed]
Military presence
Several military installations have been part of New London's history, including the
The
During the Red Summer of 1919, there were a series of racial riots between white and black Navy men stationed in New London and Groton.[13][14][15]
Fort Trumbull
The neighborhood of Fort Trumbull once consisted of nearly two-dozen homes, but they were seized by the City of New London using eminent domain. This measure was supported in a 5–4 ruling in the 2005 Supreme Court case Kelo v. City of New London, and the homes were ultimately demolished by the city as part of an economic development plan. The site was slated to be redeveloped under this plan, but the chosen developer was not able to get financing and the project failed. The empty landscape of the Fort Trumbull area has been widely characterized as an example of government overreach and inefficiency.[16][17][18][19]
Geography
In terms of land area, New London is one of the smallest cities in Connecticut. Of the whole 10.76 square miles (27.9 km2), nearly half is water; 5.54 square miles (14.3 km2) is land.[20]
The town and city of New London are coextensive. Sections of the original town were ceded to form newer towns between 1705 and 1801. The towns of Groton, Ledyard, Montville, and Waterford, and portions of Salem and East Lyme, now occupy what had earlier been the outlying area of New London.[21]
New London is bounded on the west and north by the town of Waterford on the east by the
Principal communities
- Downtown New London
- Ocean Beach
Other minor communities and geographic features include Bates Woods Park, Fort Trumbull, Glenwood Park, Green's Harbor Beach, Mitchell's Woods, Pequot Colony, Riverside Park, Old Town Mill.[citation needed]
Towns created from New London
New London originally had a larger land area when it was established. Towns set off since include:
- Stonington in 1649
- This large area ran from the Mystic River to the Pawcatuck River, including Pawcatuck, Wequetequock, and the easterly half of Mystic. It stretched inland from Long Island Sound to Lantern Hill.
- North Stonington was created from the northern half of Stonington in 1807.
- Groton in 1705
- Ledyard (originally North Groton) created from a part of Groton in 1836.
- Montville in 1786.
- Salem created from parts of Montville, Colchester, and Lyme in 1819
- Waterford in 1801.
- East Lyme created from parts of Waterford and Lyme in 1839.
- Fishers Islandofficially left Connecticut and became part of New York in 1879.
Climate
Using the Köppen climate classification New London has a warm temperate climate. This zone is defined as having a monthly mean temperature above 26.4 °F (−3 C) but below 64.4 °F (18 C) in the coldest month.
The city experiences long, hot and humid summers, and cool to cold winters with snowfall on occasion. The city averages 2,300 hours of sunshine annually (higher than the USA average). New London lies in the broad transition zone between continental climates to the north in New England and southern Canada, and the humid subtropical climates to the south along the lower East Coast.
From May to late September, the southerly flow from the
Tropical cyclones (hurricanes/tropical storms) have struck Connecticut and the New London metropolitan area, although infrequently. Hurricane landfalls have occurred along the Connecticut coast in 1903, 1938, 1944, 1954 (Carol), 1960 (Donna), 1985 (Gloria). Tropical Storm Irene (2011) also caused moderate damage along the Connecticut coast, as did Hurricane Sandy (which made landfall in New Jersey) in 2012.
The Connecticut shoreline (including New London) lies within the broad transition zone where so-called "subtropical indicator" plants and other broadleaf evergreens can successfully be cultivated. New London averages about 90 days annually with freeze, about the same as Baltimore, Maryland[
Climate data for New London (Groton) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–2021 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 69 (21) |
67 (19) |
78 (26) |
88 (31) |
91 (33) |
95 (35) |
101 (38) |
99 (37) |
93 (34) |
87 (31) |
79 (26) |
69 (21) |
101 (38) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 56.6 (13.7) |
55.8 (13.2) |
65.5 (18.6) |
73.6 (23.1) |
81.9 (27.7) |
88.0 (31.1) |
91.6 (33.1) |
88.7 (31.5) |
84.7 (29.3) |
76.5 (24.7) |
67.4 (19.7) |
60.0 (15.6) |
92.6 (33.7) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 38.8 (3.8) |
40.8 (4.9) |
47.3 (8.5) |
56.9 (13.8) |
66.4 (19.1) |
75.2 (24.0) |
80.8 (27.1) |
79.8 (26.6) |
73.6 (23.1) |
63.3 (17.4) |
53.2 (11.8) |
44.1 (6.7) |
60.0 (15.6) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 31.3 (−0.4) |
32.9 (0.5) |
39.5 (4.2) |
48.9 (9.4) |
58.1 (14.5) |
67.3 (19.6) |
73.4 (23.0) |
72.5 (22.5) |
65.8 (18.8) |
55.2 (12.9) |
45.5 (7.5) |
36.8 (2.7) |
52.3 (11.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 23.8 (−4.6) |
24.9 (−3.9) |
31.6 (−0.2) |
40.9 (4.9) |
49.9 (9.9) |
59.3 (15.2) |
65.9 (18.8) |
65.1 (18.4) |
58.0 (14.4) |
47.1 (8.4) |
37.9 (3.3) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
44.5 (6.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 4.1 (−15.5) |
6.9 (−13.9) |
14.7 (−9.6) |
29.0 (−1.7) |
38.1 (3.4) |
46.8 (8.2) |
56.0 (13.3) |
54.2 (12.3) |
43.6 (6.4) |
32.2 (0.1) |
26.6 (−3.0) |
14.2 (−9.9) |
1.5 (−16.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | −14 (−26) |
−12 (−24) |
0 (−18) |
14 (−10) |
30 (−1) |
38 (3) |
47 (8) |
41 (5) |
29 (−2) |
22 (−6) |
8 (−13) |
−10 (−23) |
−14 (−26) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.91 (99) |
3.42 (87) |
4.92 (125) |
4.40 (112) |
3.67 (93) |
3.93 (100) |
3.42 (87) |
4.19 (106) |
4.29 (109) |
4.42 (112) |
3.75 (95) |
4.59 (117) |
48.91 (1,242) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 5.8 (15) |
8.3 (21) |
3.9 (9.9) |
0.8 (2.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (1.3) |
5.2 (13) |
24.5 (62) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.4 | 9.7 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 12.4 | 127.6 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.1 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 9.9 |
Source: |
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1800 | 5,150 | — | |
1810 | 3,238 | −37.1% | |
1820 | 3,330 | 2.8% | |
1830 | 4,335 | 30.2% | |
1840 | 5,519 | 27.3% | |
1850 | 8,991 | 62.9% | |
1860 | 10,115 | 12.5% | |
1870 | 9,576 | −5.3% | |
1880 | 10,537 | 10.0% | |
1890 | 13,757 | 30.6% | |
1900 | 17,548 | 27.6% | |
1910 | 19,659 | 12.0% | |
1920 | 25,688 | 30.7% | |
1930 | 29,640 | 15.4% | |
1940 | 30,456 | 2.8% | |
1950 | 30,551 | 0.3% | |
1960 | 34,182 | 11.9% | |
1970 | 31,630 | −7.5% | |
1980 | 28,842 | −8.8% | |
1990 | 28,540 | −1.0% | |
2000 | 25,671 | −10.1% | |
2010 | 27,620 | 7.6% | |
2020 | 27,367 | −0.9% | |
U.S. Decennial Census |
Demographics
Recent estimates on demographics and economic status
According to the 2006–2008
The top five largest
According to the survey, 74.4% of people over the age of 5 spoke only English at home. Approximately 16.0% of the population spoke Spanish at home.[28]
In 2012, the population reached 27,700. The median household income was $44,100, with 20% of the population below the poverty line.[citation needed]
2000 census
As of the census
There were 10,181 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.4% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 17.6% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $33,809, and the median income for a family was $38,942. Males had a median income of $31,405 versus $25,426 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,437. About 13.4% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
New London was one of the world's three busiest whaling ports for several decades beginning in the early 19th century, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The city subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries, but had gradually lost most of its industrial heart. The State Pier (south of the Gold Star Memorial Bridge) is being converted to support some of the offshore wind power in the United States.[30][31]
Arts and culture
Eugene O'Neill
Nobel laureate and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) lived in New London and wrote several plays in the city. An O'Neill archive is located at Connecticut College, and the family home, Monte Cristo Cottage,[32] is a museum and national historic landmark operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center.
Music
Notable artists and ensembles include:
- Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1946 and led by Toshiyuki Shimada, who is also conductor of the Yale Symphony Orchestra in New Haven.
- The Idlers of the United States Coast Guard Academy, an all-male vocal group specializing in sea shanties and patriotic music.
- United States Coast Guard Band, founded in 1925 with the assistance of John Philip Sousa. Stationed at the United States Coast Guard Academy and attracting talented musicians from all parts of the country, the band is the official musical representative of the nation's oldest continuous seagoing service.
- The Can Kickers, a folk punkband.
Sites of interest
- Lyman Allyn Art Museum
- Ocean Beach Park[33]
- New London County Historical Society, Shaw-Perkins Mansion (1758)[34]
- New London Maritime Society, U.S. Custom House (1833),[35] landing site of Amistad (1839)
- Fishers Island (7 miles off the coast of New London, but part of New York)[36]
- Connecticut College Arboretum
- Fort Griswold (Groton)
- Fort Trumbull
- United States Coast Guard Academy
- Coast Guard Station New London
- Flock Theatre[37]
- Garde Arts Center[38]
- Hygienic Arts Gallery[39]
- Joshua Hempsted House (1678)[40]
- Monte Cristo Cottage & Eugene O'Neill Theater Center (Waterford)[41]
- USS Nautilus (Groton)
- Ye Antientist Burial Ground
- Winthrop Mill (1650)
- Former Second Congregational Church (1870)[42]
- The Pequot Chapel (1872)[citation needed]
Government
In 2010, New London changed their form of government from council-manager to strong mayor-council after a charter revision.[43] Distinct town and city government structures formerly existed and technically continue; however, they now govern exactly the same territory and have elections on the same ballot on Election Day in November.[citation needed]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Bus service inludes regional Southeast Area Transit buses, Estuary Transit District buses, and interstate Greyhound Lines buses. Interstate 95 passes through New London.
New London Union Station is served by Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Acela regional rail services, and Shore Line East commuter rail service. The Providence and Worcester Railroad and New England Central Railroad handle freight.
Ferries include
The
Notable people
- Eliphalet Adams (1677–1753), clergyman
- Theresa Andrews (born 1962), winner of two Olympic gold medals
- Rear Admiral in the United States Navy
- James Avery (1620–1700), politician and military commander
- Valerie Azlynn (born 1980), actress
- Scott Barlow (born 1992), pitcher for the Cleveland Guardians
- Nathan Belcher (1813–1891), congressman
- James M. Bell (1837–1919), U.S. Army brigadier general, retired to New London[45]
- Augustus Brandegee (1828–1904), judge, congressman, abolitionist
- Frank B. Brandegee (1864–1924), congressman and senator
- Amy Brenneman (born 1964), actress
- Henry Burbeck (1754–1848), brigadier general
- Daniel Burrows (1756–1858), congressman
- Canadian militiaofficer and founder of the 1st York Light Dragoons
- William Colfax (1756-1838), soldier and settler
- Frances Manwaring Caulkins (1795–1869), historian, genealogist, author
- Thomas Humphrey Cushing (1755–1822), brigadier general in the War of 1812 and collector of customs
- John M. K. Davis (1844-1920), U.S. Army brigadier general; lived in New London during his retirement[46]
- Los Alamos National Lab, first person to die as a result of a criticality accident
- A. J. Dillon (born 1998), American football running back
- David Dorfman (born 1955), choreographer
- Richard Douglass (1746–1828), cooper and soldier
- Grace L. Drake, Ohio state legislator
- Doug DuBose (born 1964), NFL player
- Kris Dunn (born 1994), point guard for the Chicago Bulls
- Larry Elgart (born 1922), musician
- John Ellis (born 1948), baseball player
- Elsie Ferguson (1883–1961), stage and film actress
- Richard P. Freeman (1869–1944), congressman
- William Goddard (publisher) (1740–1817), Co-founded US Post Office with Benjamin Franklin
- Watergatefigure
- Nathan Hale (1755–1776), schoolmaster and patriot
- Venture Brothers
- Matt Harvey (born 1989), MLB pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds
- Glenne Headly (1955–2017), actress
- Barkley L. Hendricks (born 1945), painter
- Jedediah Huntington (1743–1818), Revolutionary War General and New London Customs Collector
- Linda Jaivin (born 1955), Australian author[47]
- Sarah Kemble Knight (1666–1727), diarist, teacher and businesswoman
- Madeline Kripke (1943–2020), book collector
- John Law(1796–1873), congressman
- Bryan F. Mahan (1856–1923), congressman
- Richard Mansfield (1857–1907), actor
- Gaten Matarazzo (born 2002), actor
- John S. McCain, Jr., worked at the naval submarine base)
- Lansing McVickar (1895–1945), career officer with the United States Army
- Thomas Minor (1608–1690), founder and early New England diarist
- Casey Neistat (born 1981), filmmaker
- James R Newby (born 1844), was a Civil War veteran who served in the first regiment of volunteer African Americans in the United States and a 19th-century African-American missionary to present-day Nigeria, Cameroon, and Liberia[48]
- Hannah Ocuish (1774–1786), believed to be the youngest person executed in the United States
- James O'Neill (1847–1920), actor, father of Eugene O'Neill
- Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953), playwright
- Walter Palmer (1585–1661), founder
- Elias Perkins (1767–1845), congressman
- Mary Philips (1901–1975), actress
- Edward Clark Potter (1857–1923), sculptor
- Ellen Culver Potter (1871–1958), physician, public health official
- Renee Prahar (1879–1962), sculptor
- Art Quimby (1933–2010), basketball player
- Washington Redskins
- Tim Riordan (born 1960), gridiron football player
- Dawn Robinson (born 1965), singer
- Dudley Saltonstall (1738–1796), naval officer
- "Magic Dick" Salwitz (born 1945), musician
- Vice Admiral in the United States Coast Guard
- C. John Satti (1895–1968), Secretary of the State of Connecticut
- Samuel Seabury(1729–1796), bishop
- Signe Margaret Stuart (b. 1937), artist[49]
- Benjamin Stark (1820–1898), senator
- Sigmund Strochlitz (1916–2006), activist and Holocaust survivor
- Dana Suesse (1909–1987), composer, songwriter, musician
- Ron Suresha (born 1958), author and editor
- Flora M. Vare, (1874–1962), Pennsylvania State Senator from 1925 to 1928
- Cassie Ventura (born 1986), singer
- John T. Wait (1811–1899), former U.S. Representative for Connecticut[50]
- Thomas M. Waller (1839–1924), Mayor of New London and 51st Governor of Connecticut
- Mary Way (1769–1833), portrait miniaturist
- John Winthrop the Younger (1606–1676), statesman and founder
- Tyson Wheeler (born 1975), former Denver Nuggets basketball player[51]
- Abisha Woodward (1752–1809), early American lighthouse builder[52]
Mayors of New London
Notable mayors include:
- Richard Law (1784–1806)[53]
- Elias Perkins (1829–1832)[53]
- Noyes Billings (1835–1837)[53]
- John Perkins Cushing Mather (1845–1850)[53]
- Hiram Willey (1862–1865)[53]
- Augustus Brandegee (1871–1873)[53]
- Thomas M. Waller (1873–1879)[53]
- Bryan F. Mahan (1903–1909, 1909-1915)[53]
- Ernest E. Rogers (1915–1918)[53]
References
- ^ "Office of the Mayor". City of New London, Connecticut. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- ^ "Council Members". City of New London, Connecticut. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ "Census - Geography Profile: New London town, New London County, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-7884-4171-4.
- ^ Frances Manwaring Caulkins, History of New London, Connecticut, from the first survey of the coast in 1612 to 1860, Library of Congress, 1895.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–516.
- ^ "The Battle of Groton Heights & Burning of New London". Battleofgrotonheights.com. August 31, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 692.
- ^ Coast Guard Station New London official web page
- ^ The History of Fort Trumbull by John Duchesneau
- ^ Fort Trumbull History Site
- ^ Rucker & Upton 2007, p. 554.
- ^ The Greeneville Daily Sun 1919, p. 1.
- ^ Voogd 2008, p. 95.
- ^ Jacoby, Jeff (March 12, 2014). "Eminent disaster: Homeowners in Connecticut town were dispossessed for nothing". The Boston Globe.
- ^ Allen, Charlotte (February 10, 2014). "'Kelo' Revisited". Weekly Standard. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
- ^ Somin, Ilya (May 29, 2015). "The story behind Kelo v. City of New London – how an obscure takings case got to the Supreme Court and shocked the nation". The Washington Post.
- ^ Downey, Kirstin (May 22, 2005). "Nation & World | Supreme Court ruling due on use of eminent domain". Seattle Times. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "New London County, Connecticut – County Subdivision and Place". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Connecticut Towns in the Order of their Establishment". www.sots.ct.gov. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008.
- ^ "Redrawing the Map: How the World's Climate Zones Are Shifting".
- S2CID 51886166.
- .
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ "Station: Groton, CT". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ "New London city, Connecticut – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "New London city, Connecticut – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Memija, Adnan (March 6, 2023). "New London State Pier Terminal Getting Ready for South Fork Wind Project". Offshore Wind.
- ^ "New London Terminal Overview". Gateway Terminal.
- ^ "Monte Cristo Cottage". theoneill.com.
- ^ Ocean Beach Park
- ^ New London Historical Society
- ^ New London Maritime Society
- Fishers Island
- ^ Flock Theatre
- ^ Garde Arts Center
- ^ Hygienic Arts
- ^ Joshua Hempsted House Archived July 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Connecticut Landmarks
- ^ Eugene O'Neill Theater Center
- ^ Morrison, Betty Urban (1985). The Church on the Hill: A history of the Second Congregational Church, New London, Connecticut 1835-1985. New London, Connecticut: Second Congregational Church. p. 17.
- ^ "New Face Stirs Up Historic New London Election". tribunedigital-thecourant. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^ Howard, Lee (September 7, 2013). "Cruise ships returning to New London". The Day. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Bio, Linda Jaivin's web site
- ^ McHardie, Allan, Elizabeth, Andrew (1885). The Prodigal Continent and her Prodigal Son. London: Morgan & Scott.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Joseph & Signe Stuart Papers". South Dakota State University Archives and Special Collections.
- ^ "Wait, John Turner". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
- ^ Keefe, Gavin (March 20, 2015). "Wheeler on Dunn: New London basketball legend talks about legend-to-be". The New London Day. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
- ISBN 978-1609494056. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Marshall, Benjamin Tinkham (1922). A Modern History of New London County, Connecticut, Volume 1. New London, Connecticut: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 238.
Further reading
- The Greeneville Daily Sun (May 31, 1919). "Race Riot at New London Naval Base". The Greeneville Daily Sun. OCLC 37307396. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
- Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (2007). Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, Volume 2. ISBN 9780313333026. Total pages: 930
- Voogd, Jan (2008). Race Riots and Resistance: The Red Summer of 1919. Peter Lang. ISBN 9781433100673. Total pages: 234