New Red Sandstone

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New Red Sandstone Supergroup
Ma
Supergroup
Sub-units
UnderliesPenarth Group
OverliesUnconformity with folded Devonian and Carboniferous rocks
Thicknessup to 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
OtherArkose, conglomerate, breccio-conglomerate
Location
CountryUnited Kingdom
ExtentOriginally in Scotland, range extended to all red-bed sequences of Permian and Triassic age in southwest England, and parts of northwest and northeast England.
medieval and Roman
elements

The New Red Sandstone, chiefly in British geology, is composed of beds of red sandstone and associated rocks laid down throughout the Permian (300 million years ago) to the end of the Triassic (about 200 million years ago), that underlie the Jurassic-Triassic age Penarth Group.[1] The name distinguishes it from the Old Red Sandstone which is largely Devonian in age, and with which it was originally confused due to their similar composition.

Its upper layers consist of mudstones, but most of the formation consists of reddish to yellowish sandstones, interbedded with rare evaporite minerals such as halite and gypsum. These indicate deposition within a hot and arid palaeo-environment, such as a desert or sabkha.[2]

Geographical distribution

The New Red Sandstone was originally identified in Scotland, at quarries in Elgin. It covers large parts of the Moray Firth Basin. In this area it overlies the Old Red Sandstone unconformably (missing the intervening rocks), and both sandstones were used extensively in architecture in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. It also covers much of central England, where it generally forms a low-lying plain except for the Mid Severn Sandstone Plateau. Thick layers (up to 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) thick) are present in the faulted Cheshire Basin which also extends beneath north Shropshire. There are numerous escarpments forming small prominent hills within this area. The sandstone also underlies parts of Lancashire and Cumbria, and east of the Pennines it extends through Nottinghamshire and central Yorkshire. Smaller outcrops occur in other parts of Britain such as the Red Cliffs of Dawlish and East Devon.

Lithology

In terms of its

well sorted
and typically have a small size range (0.5 to 2 millimetres (0.020 to 0.079 in)).

The NRS is a texturally mature rock. Certain units of the New Red Sandstone (e.g. Hopeman Sandstone Formation and Helsby Sandstone Formation) feature commonly as building stone due to their abundance and mechanical strength.

Fossil content

The New Red Sandstone has yielded many fossils, including the world-famous Elgin Reptiles. These are late Permian to Late Triassic in age, and include mammal-like reptiles and some of the earliest predecessors of dinosaurs.[2] An earliest Permian (Asselian) fauna is known from the Kenilworth Sandstone Formation of the English Midlands, including primitive synapsids and temnospondyl amphibians.[3]

Building uses

Anglo-Saxon and Norman
elements of New Red Sandstone with reused earlier Roman elements

Many ancient buildings of Devon Red Sandstone can be found in

Cathedral Close. The local quarry was at Heavitree by which name the local sandstone – actually a type of breccia – is generally known.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units - Result Details".
  2. ^ a b Benton MJ and Walker AD. 1985. Palaeoecology, taphonomy and dating of Permo-Triassic reptiles from Elgin, North-East Scotland. Palaeontology 28:207–234.
  3. S2CID 202192911
    .
  4. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2017-01-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-08. Retrieved 2017-01-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading