Novorossiya

Coordinates: 47°30′N 34°30′E / 47.5°N 34.5°E / 47.5; 34.5
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
New Russia
)
For other uses, see Novorossiya (disambiguation).

  Novorossiya Governorate in 1800 within the Russian Empire. Its central city was Ekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro), which was briefly renamed "Novorossiysk" during the reign of Paul I

Novorossiya

Ukrainian SSR
).

Novorossiya Governorate was formed (1764) from

Kuban River, and the Circassian
lands.

History

Wild Fields

Further information: Wild Fields
Ukraine 1648 (south on top) with a broad belt of "loca deserta", Latin for desolated areas
Map of the Wild Fields in the 17th century

The modern history of the region follows the fall of the Golden Horde. The eastern portion was claimed by the Crimean Khanate (one of its multiple successors), while its western regions were divided between Moldavia and Lithuania. With the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the whole Black Sea northern littoral region came under the control of the Crimean Khanate that in turn became a vassal of the Ottomans.[citation needed] Sometime in the 16th century the Crimean Khanate allowed the Nogai Horde which were displaced from its native Volga region by Muscovites and Kalmyks to settle in the Black Sea steppes.[citation needed]

Vast regions to the North of the Black Sea were sparsely populated and were known as the

Dnieper River. The Wild Fields had covered roughly the southern territories of modern Ukraine; some[who?] say they extended into the modern Southern Russia (Rostov Oblast).[citation needed
]

Russian expansion

Further information: Novorossiya Governorate
Zaporizhian Host
in 1760

The Russian Empire gradually gained control over the area, signing peace treaties with the

Novorossiysk Governorate; it was originally to be named after the Empress Catherine, but she decreed that it should be called New Russia instead.[4]
Imperial Russia’s view of New Russia was described in 2006 by the historian Willard Sunderland:

The old steppe was Asian and stateless; the current one was state-determined and claimed for European-Russian civilization. The world of comparison was now even more obviously that of the Western empires. Consequently it was all the more clear that the Russian empire merited its own New Russia to go along with everyone else's New Spain, New France, and New England. The adoption of the name of New Russia was in fact the most powerful statement imaginable of Russia's national coming of age.[5]

The administrative centre of the Novorossiysk Governorate was at the St. Elizabeth fortress (today in Kropyvnytskyi) in order to protect the southern borderlands from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1765 this passed to Kremenchuk.[4][6]

After the annexation of the Ottoman territories to Novorossiya in 1774, the Russian authorities commenced a broad program of colonization, encouraging large migrations from a broader spectrum of ethnic groups. Catherine the Great invited European settlers to these newly conquered lands:

peasantry—mostly from Ukraine and fewer from Russia—to encourage immigration for the cultivation of the then sparsely populated steppe.[citation needed
] According to the Historical Dictionary of Ukraine:

The population consisted of military colonists from hussar and lancer regiments, Ukrainian and Russian peasants, Cossacks, Serbs, Montenegrins, Hungarians, and other foreigners who received land subsidies for settling in the area.[7]

In 1775, the Russian Empress

Russian Federation) In 1802 it was divided into three governorates, the Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, and the Taurida.[citation needed
]

A historical German map of Novorossiya 1855

From 1822 to 1874 the Novorossiysk-Bessarabia General Government was centred in

Bolshevik White movement governments of South Russia whose defeat signified the Soviet control over the territory, which became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, within the Soviet Union
in 1922.

Legacy

Further information: Novorossiya (confederation)

Following the

Ukrainian independence on 24 August 1991, a nascent movement began in Odesa for the restoration of Novorossiya region; it however failed within days and never defined its borders.[10][11][12] The initial conception had not developed exact borders, but focus centred on the Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, and Crimean oblasts, with eventually other oblasts joining as well.[12][13]

The name received renewed emphasis when

Wagner Group mutiny in June 2023, President Putin used the phrase in a speech responding to the mutiny, praising those "who fought and gave their lives to Novorossiya and for the unity of the Russian world".[20]

Demographics

Ethnicity

The ethnic composition of Novorossiya changed during the beginning of the 19th century due to the intensive movement of colonists who rapidly created towns, villages, and agricultural colonies. During the

Kinburn and many others were conquered and destroyed. New cities and settlements were established in their places. Over time the ethnic composition varied.[clarification needed
]

Multiple ethnicities[clarification needed] participated in the founding of the cities of Novorossiya (most of these cities were expansions of older settlements[21]). For example:

  • Zaporizhzhia as formerly the site of a Cossack fort
  • Richelieu
    (in office 1803–1814)
  • Donetsk, founded in 1869, was originally named Yuzovka (Yuzivka) in honor of John Hughes, the Welsh industrialist who developed the coal region of the Donbas

According to the report of governor Shmidt, the ethnic composition of Kherson Governorate (which included the city of Odesa) in 1851 was as follows:[22]

Nationality Number %
Ukrainians 703,699 69.14
Romanians (Moldavians and Vlachs) 75,000 7.37
Jews 55,000 5.40
Russian-Germans 40,000 3.93
Great Russians
 30,000 2.95
Bulgarians 18,435 1.81
Belarusians 9,000 0.88
Greeks 3,500 0.34
Romani people 2,516 0.25
Poles 2,000 0.20
Armenians 1,990 0.20
Karaites 446 0.04
Serbs 436 0.04
Swedes 318 0.03
Tatars 76 0.01
Former Officials 48,378 4.75
Nobles 16,603 1.63
Foreigners 10,392 1.02
Total Population 1,017,789 100

Language

With regard to language usage, Russian was commonly spoken in the cities and some outside areas, while Ukrainian generally predominated in rural areas, smaller towns, and villages.[clarification needed]

The 1897

All-Russian Empire Census statistics show that Ukrainian was the native language spoken by most of the population of Novorossiya, but with Russian and Yiddish languages dominating in most city areas.[23][24][25]

Soviet Russian poster from 1921 — "Donbas is the heart of Russia".
Language Kherson Guberniya Yekaterinoslav Guberniya Tavrida Guberniya
Ukrainian 53.4% 68.9% 42.2%
Russian 21.0% 17.3% 27.9%
Belarusian 0.8% 0.6% 6.7%
Polish 2.1% 0.6% 0.6%
Bulgarian 0.9% – 2.8%
Romanian 5.3% 0.4% 0.2%
German 4.5% 3.8% 5.4%
Jewish (sic) 11.8% 4.6% 3.8%
Greek 2.3% 2.3% 1.2%
Tatar 8.2% 8.2% 13.5%
Turkish 2.6% 2.6% 1.5%
Total Population 2,733,612 2,311,674 1,447,790

The 1897

All-Russian Empire Census statistics:[26]

Language Odesa Yekaterinoslav Mykolaiv Kherson Sevastopol Mariupol Donetsk district
Russian 198,233 47,140 61,023 27,902 34,014 19,670 273,302
Jewish (sic) 124,511 39,979 17,949 17,162 3,679 4,710 7
Ukrainian 37,925 17,787 7,780 11,591 7,322 3,125 177,376
Polish 17,395 3,418 2,612 1,021 2,753 218 82
German 10,248 1,438 813 426 907 248 2,336
Greek 5,086 161 214 51 1,553 1,590 88
Total Population 403,815 112,839 92,012 59,076 53,595 31,116 455,819

List of founded cities

Many of the cities that were founded (most of these cities were expansions of older settlements[21]) during the imperial period are major cities today.

Imperial Russian regiments were used to build these cities, at the expense of hundreds of soldiers’ lives.[21]

First wave

Second wave

Third wave

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Russian: Новороссия, tr. Novorossiya, IPA: [nəvɐˈrosːʲɪjə] ⓘ; Ukrainian: Новоросія, romanized: Novorosiia; Romanian: Noua Rusie, Polish: Noworosja
  2. ^ Kharkiv was the centre of the historical region of Sloboda Ukraine.[15] A portion of modern Kharkiv Oblast includes territory of the late-eighteenth century Novorossiya Governorate.[16]

References

  1. ^ Mikhail Levchenko (1874). Opyt russko-ukrainskago slovari︠a︡. Kyiv: Tip. Gubernskago upravlenii︠a︡, p 188.
  2. ^ "Plan for the Colonization of New Russia Gubernia" issued by the Russian Senate - New Russia Gubernia at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  3. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. "A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples," p. 284.
  4. ^ a b Nataliya Polonska-Vasylenko (1955). The Settlement of the Southern Ukraine (1750-1775). Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. p. 190.
  5. ISBN 0-8014-7347-0
    .
  6. ^ "New Russian gubernia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  7. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1
    .
  8. ^ E. Lozovan, Romanii orientali, "Neamul Romanesc", 1/1991, p.14
  9. ^ E. Lozovan, Romanii orientali, "Neamul Romanesc", 1/1991, p.32.
  10. ^ "The CIS Handbook", edited by Patrick Heenan, Monique Lamontagne, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999, p. 75.
  11. ^ "Federal State of Novorossiya". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015. A Russian ethnic republic in Ukraine was named Novorossiya and was proclaimed in 1992 but fell some days after.
  12. ^ a b Paul Kolstoe. "Russians in the Former Soviet Republics", Indiana University Press, June 1995, p. 176.
  13. ISBN 978-1-56324-637-1
    .
  14. ^ "Transcript: Vladimir Putin's April 17 Q&A". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  15. ISBN 0802039375
    (page 19)
  16. ISBN 1784530646
    (page 9)
  17. ^ СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились [Mass media: Terrorists of the "LNR" and "DNR" have united] (in Russian). UNIAN. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  18. Gazeta.ru (in Russian). Archived
    from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  19. ^ "Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  20. ^ "'Internal betrayal': Transcript of Vladimir Putin's address". Al Jazeera.
  21. ^ a b c d Odesa: Through Cossacks, Khans and Russian Emperors Archived 24 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (18 November 2014)
  22. ^ Шмидт А. "Материалы для географии и статистики, собранные офицерами генерального штаба. Херсонская губерния. Часть 1". (tr. "Schmidt A.: Materials for geography and statistics collected by officers of the general staff. Kherson province. Part 1") St. Petersburg, 1863, p. 465-466
  23. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help
    )
  24. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help
    )
  25. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help
    )
  26. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help
    )

External links

47°30′N 34°30′E / 47.5°N 34.5°E / 47.5; 34.5

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