New World monkey

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New World monkeys
Temporal range:
Ma
Brown spider monkey
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Platyrrhini
É. Geoffroy, 1812[1][2]
Type species
Cebus capucinus
Families

Incertae sedis

New World monkeys are the five families of

parvorder Platyrrhini (/plætɪˈraɪnaɪ/).[3]

Platyrrhini is derived from the Greek for "broad nosed", and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family Atelidae, such as the spider monkey, are the only primates to have prehensile tails. New World monkeys' closest relatives are the other simians, the Catarrhini ("down-nosed"), comprising Old World monkeys and apes. New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America, a line that split off about 40 million years ago.[4]

Evolutionary history

About 40 million years ago, the

caviomorph rodents.[6][7] At the time the New World monkeys dispersed to South America, the Isthmus of Panama had not yet formed, so ocean currents, unlike today, favoured westward dispersal, the climate was quite different, and the width of the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present 2,800 km (1,700 mi) width by about a third (possibly 1,000 km (600 mi) less, based on the current estimate of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge formation processes spreading rate of 25 millimetres per year (1 in/year)).[6]

The non-platyrrhini Ucayalipithecus of Amazonian Peru who might have rafted across the Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the extinct Parapithecoidea from the Eocene of Afro-Arabia, suggesting that there were at least two separate dispersal events of primates to South America,[8] Parvimico and Perupithecus from Peru appear to be at the base of the Platyrrhini,[9] as are Szalatavus, Lagonimico, and Canaanimico.[10]

Possible evidence for a third transatlantic dispersal event comes from a fossil molar belonging to Ashaninkacebus simpsoni, which has strong affinities with stem anthropoid primates of South Asian origin, the Eosimiidae.[11]

The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54.[12] In extant species, the 2n value varies from 16 in the titi monkey to 62 in the woolly monkey.

A Bayesian estimate of the most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95% credible interval of 27 million years ago-31 million years ago.[13]

Classification

Main article: List of platyrrhines

The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families, as defined by Rylands & Mittermeier (2009),[2] and their position in the Order Primates:[1]

The arrangement of the New World monkey families, indeed the listing of which groups consist of families and which consist of lower taxonomic groupings, has changed over the years. McKenna & Bell (1997) used two families: Callitrichidae and Atelidae, with Atelidae divided into Cebinae, Pitheciinae, and Atelinae.[14] Rosenberger (2002 following Horowitz 1999) demoted Callitrichidae to a subfamily, putting it under the newly raised Cebidae family.[15] Groves (2005) used four families, but as a flat structure.[1]

One possible arrangement of the five families and their subfamilies of Rylands & Mittermeier can be seen in Silvestro et al. (2017):[10]

Platyrrhini
Pitheciidae
Callicebinae

titis

Pitheciinae

sakis and uakaris

Atelidae
Alouattinae

howler monkeys

Atelinae

spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys

Cebidae
Cebinae

capuchins

Saimirinae

squirrel monkeys

Callitrichidae
Callitrichinae

marmosets and lion tamarins

tamarins and saddle-back tamarins

Aotidae

night monkeys

Characteristics

Amparo Museum

New World monkeys are small to mid-sized primates, ranging from the pygmy marmoset (the world's smallest monkey), at 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.5 in) and a weight of 120 to 190 g (4.2 to 6.7 oz), to the southern muriqui, at 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in) and a weight of 12 to 15 kg (26 to 33 lb). New World monkeys differ slightly from Old World monkeys in several aspects. The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The clade for New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed". The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of Old World monkeys, and have side-facing nostrils.

New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails—in comparison with the shorter, non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World. Prehensility has evolved at least two distinct times in platyrrhines, in the Atelidae family (spider monkeys, woolly spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and woolly monkeys), and in capuchin monkeys (Cebus).[16] Although prehensility is present in all of these primate species, skeletal and muscular-based morphological differences between these two groups indicate that the trait evolved separately through convergent evolution.[17][18] The fully prehensile tails that have evolved in Atelidae allow the primates to suspend their entire body weight by only their tails, with arms and legs free for other foraging and locomotive activities.[19] Semi-prehensile tails in Cebus can be used for balance by wrapping the tail around branches and supporting a large portion of their weight.[20]

New World monkeys (except for the

trichromatic vision.[23]

Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve

dental formula of 2.1.3.32.1.3.3 or 2.1.3.22.1.3.2 (consisting of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 2 or 3 molars). This is in contrast with Old World Anthropoids, including gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, siamangs, gibbons, orangutans, and most humans, which share a dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Many New World monkeys are small and almost all are arboreal, so knowledge of them is less comprehensive than that of the more easily observed Old World monkeys. Unlike most Old World monkeys, many New World monkeys form monogamous pair bonds, and show substantial paternal care of young.[24] They eat fruits, nuts, insects, flowers, bird eggs, spiders, and small mammals. Unlike humans and most Old World monkeys, their thumbs are not opposable[25] (except for some cebids
).

See also

References

  1. ^
    OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    .
  3. ^ "Platyrrhini and Ceboidea". ChimpanZoo. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  4. ^ Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20). "Primate Evolution" (PDF). University of Edinburgh. pp. 13–17. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  5. ISBN 978-1-58834-176-1
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    .
  7. S2CID 91938226
    .
  8. S2CID 215550773
    .
  9. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.10.21.465342
    .
  10. ^
    bioRxiv 10.1101/178111
    .
  11. PMID 37399374
    .
  12. ^ de Oliveira EH, Neusser M, Müller S (2012). "Chromosome evolution in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research https://doi.org/10.1159/000339296
  13. ^ Perez SI, Tejedor MF, Novo NM, Aristide L (2013) "Divergence times and the evolutionary radiation of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): An analysis of fossil and molecular Data". PLoS One 8(6):e68029.
  14. ^ McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K., eds. (1997). Classification of mammals – above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. xii-631.
  15. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H
    .
  16. PMID 6869497
    .
  17. ISSN 1923-757X
    .
  18. PMID 10601987
    .
  19. S2CID 53008537
    .
  20. S2CID 85211169
    .
  21. S2CID 4305822
    .
  22. ISBN 978-0-393-06163-5
    .
  23. S2CID 11967994
    .
  24. ^ New World Monkeys at Animal Corner
  25. ^ "The Primates: New World Monkeys".[dead link]

Further reading

External links

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