New World vulture
New World vultures | |
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Turkey vulture | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Cathartiformes |
Family: | Cathartidae Lafresnaye, 1839 |
Genera | |
Cathartes | |
Approximate Cathartidae range map Summer-only range of turkey vulture At least one species present year-round
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Synonyms | |
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Cathartidae, known commonly as New World vultures or condors, are a
Like other
Taxonomy and systematics
The family Cathartidae was introduced (as the subfamily Cathartinae) by the French ornithologist
Recent multi-locus DNA studies on the evolutionary relationships between bird groups
Cathartidae Extant species
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Genus | Common and binomial names | Image | Range | Population estimate | Conservation status |
Coragyps Le Maout, 1853 | Black vulture Coragyps atratus |
South America and north to US | Least concern | ||
Cathartes Illiger, 1811 | Turkey vulture Cathartes aura |
Throughout the Americas to southern Canada | Least concern | ||
Lesser yellow-headed vulture Cathartes burrovianus |
South America and north to Mexico | 500,000-4,999,999[21] mature individuals | Least concern | ||
Greater yellow-headed vulture Cathartes melambrotus |
Amazon Basin of tropical South America
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Least concern | |||
Gymnogyps Lesson, 1842 | California condor Gymnogyps californianus |
California and parts of northern Arizona, formerly widespread throughout the mountain ranges of Western North America | 201,[22] of which approximately 93 mature individuals | Critically endangered | |
Vultur Linnaeus, 1758
|
Andean condor Vultur gryphus |
Andes[23] | Maximum estimate: 10,000[24] | Vulnerable | |
Sarcoramphus Duméril, 1805 | King vulture Sarcoramphus papa |
Southern Mexico to northern Argentina | 10,000-100,000[25] | Least concern |
Extinct species and fossils
The fossil history of the Cathartidae is complex, and many taxa that may possibly have been New World vultures have at some stage been treated as early representatives of the family.[26] There is no unequivocal European record from the Neogene.
It is clear that the Cathartidae had a much higher diversity in the Plio-Pleistocene, rivalling the current diversity of Old World vultures and their relatives in shapes, sizes, and ecological niches. Extinct taxa include:
- Diatropornis ("European vulture") Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – ?Middle Oligocene of France[27]
- Phasmagyps Chadronian of Colorado[27][28]
- Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Late Oligocene of Mongolia[27]
- Brasilogyps Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Brazil[27]
- Hadrogyps ("American dwarf vulture") Middle Miocene of SW North America[27]
- Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA[29]
- Pliogyps ("Miocene vulture") Late Miocene – Late Pliocene of S North America[27]
- Perugyps ("Peruvian vulture") Pisco Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of SC Peru[29]
- Dryornis ("Argentinean vulture") Early – Late? Pliocene of Argentina; may belong to modern genus Vultur[27]
- Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Middle Pliocene of Argentina[29]
- Aizenogyps ("South American vulture") Late Pliocene of SE North America[27]
- Breagyps ("long-legged vulture") Late Pleistocene of SW North America[27]
- Geronogyps Late Pleistocene of Argentina and Peru[27]
- Gymnogyps varonai Late Quaternary of Cuba[30]
- Wingegyps Late Pleistocene of Brazil[31]
- Pleistovultur Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene of Brazil[32]
- Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. Cuba[33]
- Gymnogyps amplus Late Pleistocene – Holocene of W North America[34]
Description
New World vultures are generally large, ranging in length from the lesser yellow-headed vulture at 56–61 centimeters (22–24 inches) up to the California and Andean condors, both of which can reach 120 centimeters (48 inches) in length and weigh 12 or more kilograms (26 or more pounds). Plumage is predominantly black or brown, and is sometimes marked with white. All species have featherless heads and necks.[35] In some, this skin is brightly colored, and in the king vulture it is developed into colorful wattles and outgrowths.
All New World vultures have long, broad wings and a stiff tail, suitable for soaring.
The beak is slightly hooked and is relatively weak compared with those of other birds of prey.
New World vultures have the unusual habit of
Distribution and habitat
New World vultures are restricted to the western hemisphere, ranging from southern Canada to South America.[45] Most species are mainly resident, but the turkey vulture breeds in Canada and the northern US and migrates south in the northern winter.[46] New World vultures inhabit a large variety of habitats and ecosystems, ranging from deserts to tropical rainforests and at heights of sea level to mountain ranges,[45] using their highly adapted sense of smell to locate carrion. These species of birds are also occasionally seen in human settlements, perhaps emerging to feed upon the food sources provided from roadkills.[citation needed]
Behavior and ecology
Breeding
New World vultures and condors do not build nests, but lay eggs on bare surfaces. On average one to three eggs are laid, depending on the species.
Feeding
All living species of New World vultures and condors are
Tolerance to bacterial toxins in decaying meat
Vultures possess a very acidic digestive system, with their gut dominated by two species of anaerobic bacteria that help them withstand
Status and conservation
The California condor is
In culture
The American black vulture and the
See also
- Old World vultures
- Teratornithidae
- Thunderbird (cryptozoology)
- Birds of prey
Notes
- ^ de Lafresnaye, Frédéric (1839). "Nouvelle classification des oiseaux de proie ou rapaces". Revue Zoologique (in French). 2: 193–196 [194].
- hdl:2246/830.
- ^ Myers (2008)
- ^ Brookes (2006)
- ^ Phillips (2000)
- ^ Johnson "et al." 2013
- ^ a b Sibley and Ahlquist (1991)
- ^ de Boer (1975)
- ^ Ligon (1967)
- ^ König (1982)
- ^ Griffiths (1994)
- ^ Fain & Houde (2004)
- ^ Avise (1994)
- ^ Brown (2009)
- ^ Cracraft et al. (2004)
- ^ Gibb et al. (2007)
- ^ Ericson et al. (2006)
- ^ PMID 25504713. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
- ^ a b Hackett et al. (2008)
- .
- .
- .
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2020)
- S2CID 241274385.
- .
- ^ Mayr (2006)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Emslie (1988)
- ^ Wetmore, A. (1927). "Fossil Birds from the Oligocene of Colorado" (PDF). Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History. 7 (2): 1–14.
- ^ a b c Stucchi (2005)
- ^ Suárez (2003)
- ^ Alvarenga (2004).
- ^ Alvarenga et al. (2008).
- ^ Suarez (2004)
- ^ Steverson, Valerie J.; Prothero, Donald R. (2010). "Evolutionary Patterns in Late Quaternary California Condors" (PDF). PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology.
- ^ a b Zim et al. (2001)
- ^ Reed (1914)
- ^ a b Ryser & Ryser (1985)
- ^ a b Krabbe (1990)
- ^ Feduccia (1999)
- ^ a b Kemp and Newton (2003)
- ^ a b Howell and Webb (1995)
- ^ a b c Terres (1991)
- ^ Allaby (1992)
- ^ Fisher (1942)
- ^ a b Harris (2009)
- ^ Farmer (2008)
- ^ "Andean Condor | The Peregrine Fund". peregrinefund.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
- ^ "Gymnogyps californianus". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
- ^ Snyder (2006)
- ^ Will Dunham (26 November 2014). "Gut check: how vultures dine on rotting flesh, and like it". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
- ^ PMID 25423494.
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2009a)
- ^ "San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: California Condor". The Zoological Society of San Diego's Center for Conservation and Research for Endangered Species. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ BirdLife International (2001)
- ^ a b c d Tozzer (1910)
References
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- Alvarenga, H. M F. & S. L. Olson. (2004). "A new genus of tiny condor from the Pleistocene of Brazil (Aves: Vulturidae). Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine" Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 117(1) 1 9
- Alvarenga, H.; Brito, G. R. R.; Migotto, R.; Hubbe, A.; Höfling, E. (2008) Pleistovultur nevesi gen. et sp. nov. (Aves: Vulturidae) and the diversity of condors and vultures in the South American Pleistocene. Ameghiniana 45 (3): 613–618.
- American Ornithologists' Union (2009) Check-list of North American Birds, Tinamiformes to Falconiformes 7th Edition. AOU. Retrieved 6 October 2009
- American Ornithologists' Union (2010) Check-list of North American Birds, Tinamiformes to Falconiformes 7th Edition. AOU. Retrieved 3 August 2010
- Avise, J. C. (1994). "DNA sequence support for a close phylogenetic relationship between some storks and New World vultures". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 91 (11): 5173–5177.
- BirdLife International (2004). 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- BirdLife International (2020). "Vultur gryphus". . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- BirdLife International (2020). "Gymnogyps californianus". . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Brookes, Ian, ed. (2006). ISBN 978-0-550-10185-3. p. 238
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- Farmer A, Francl, K (2008) Cathartes aura University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 8 October 2009
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- Kemp, Alan, and Ian Newton (2003): New World Vultures. In ISBN 1-55297-777-3. p. 146
- Krabbe, Niels & Fjeldså, Jon. 1990: Birds of the High Andes. Apollo Press ISBN 87-88757-16-1p. 88
- Ligon, J. D. (1967). "Relationships of the cathartid vultures". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 651: 1–26.
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- Phillips, Steven J, Comus, Patricia Wentworth (ISBN 0-520-21980-5p,377
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- Ryser Fred A. & A. Ryser, Fred Jr. 1985: Birds of the Great Basin: A Natural History. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-080-Xp. 211
- ISBN 0-300-04969-2
- Sibley, Charles G., and ISBN 0-300-04085-7
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- Stucchi, Marcelo; Emslie Steven, D (2005). "Un Nuevo Cóndor (Ciconiiformes, Vulturidae) del Mioceno Tardío-Plioceno Temprano de la Formación Pisco, Perú". The Condor (in Spanish). 107 (1): 107–113. S2CID 85805971.
- Suárez, W.; Emslie, S.D. (2003). "New fossil material with a redescription of the extinct condor Gymnogyps varonai (Arredondo, 1971) from the Quaternary of Cuba (Aves: Vulturidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 116 (1): 29–37.
- Suarez, William (2004) "The identity of the fossil raptor of the genus Amplibuteo (Aves: Accipitridae) from the Quaternary of Cuba" Caribbean Journal of Science 40: (1) 120 125
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- Zim, Herbert Spencer; ISBN 1-58238-090-2
External links
- New World Vulture videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
- New World Vulture photos on beautyofbirds.com
Cathartidae
(New World vultures).